Alteration induced changes of magnetic fabric as exemplified by dykes of the Koolau volcanic range     

David Krása  Emilio Herrero-Bervera 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,240(2):445-453

We studied 93 samples from 8 basaltic dykes of the Koolau volcanic range on the island of Oahu,Hawaii,USA,to determine the influence of hydrothermal alteration on the magnetic fabric as determined by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements. Rock magnetic as well as microscopic investigations show that only ≈25% of the samples have retained their original magnetomineralogical composition of unaltered Ti-poor titanomagnetite. The remaining samples have undergone hydrothermal alteration which transformed the primary magnetic phase into a granular intergrowth of titanomagnetite, titanomaghemite and hematite. In both sample groups,this magnetic phase occurs in coarse (tens of microns),irregularly shaped particles as well as interstitial clusters of smaller (< 5 μm) grains. Our investigations show that hydrothermal alteration does change the bulk susceptibility and the degree of anisotropy but not the directions of principal axes of the AMS ellipsoid which are predominantly corresponding to normal magnetic fabric. The stability of AMS directions, regardless of the degree of alteration, points towards the model of distribution anisotropy as the controlling factor for the observed magnetic fabric.  相似文献   

Identification of magnetic minerals by scanning electron microscope and application of ferrofluid     

G. Kletetschka  A. Kontny 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2005,49(2):153-162

Magnetic minerals are mostly identified by a combination of rock magnetic and microscopic techniques and the ferrofluid method in combination with an optical microscope was applied during the last decades. But today, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is preferred for the observation of mineral phases because its depth of focus and resolving capability at the same magnification. In this study, we report on a method, which allows ferrofluid application under the SEM. We coated a polished basalt sample containing titanomagnetite grains with high demagnetizing fields, with a colloidal suspension containing magnetite particles (ferrofluid) ranging in size between 11 and 20 nm. Due to large gradients of multidomain grains the ferrofluid particles adhered to their surfaces. Other grains of similar composition present (ilmenohematite) but with low demagnetizing fields do not generate large magnetic gradients and therefore do not attract the colloidal particles. Upon evaporation of the ferrofluid and covering the sample with conducting material the magnetic grains with high demagnetizing field are easily identifiable under the scanning electron microscope. The different mineralogy observed by this method is confirmed by temperature dependent variation of magnetic susceptibility, revealing titanomagnetite and ilmenohematite as magnetic carriers in the basaltic samples.  相似文献   

无机界矿物天然自净化功能之矿物超微孔道效应   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

鲁安怀 《岩石矿物学杂志》2005,24(6):503-510

孔径在0.3～2.0nm范围内的矿物结构孔道属于通常意义上的微孔道,如天然锰钾矿结构中由Mn—O八面体构建并由K等充填其中的微孔道,类似于大家熟知的沸石中由Si—O和Al—O四面体所构建并由Na和Ca充填其中的微孔道,往往具有分子筛功能。本文重点提出孔径在0.3nm以下的天然矿物结构孔道为超微孔道。由于无机离子包括水分子均小于0.3nm,自然界中大多数无机矿物超微结构孔道能成为地球物质发生离子交换的场所而表现出离子筛功能。长期以来人们并没有把约占地壳质量一半以上的长石矿物归类为孔道结构矿物,主要归咎于其孔径过于微小,有关长石孔道离子交换效应更没有引起人们足够的重视。实验研究结果表明,无论是在高温条件下,还是在低温条件下,长石矿物都能表现出一定的离子交换性,具有明显的孔道结构矿物特征。在高温条件下Na 与钾长石发生离子交换反应,能形成Na2O含量达15.9%的钠长石。在中温条件下Pb2 与钾长石发生离子交换反应,能生成铅长石物相。在常温条件下Cd2 与钾长石发生离子交换反应,能生成镉长石物相。长石矿物所体现出的良好的超微孔道效应,在对重金属污染物无害化处理包括核废料安全性处置领域具有潜在应用价值。天然矿物超微孔道在地球物质迁移与交换过程中一直发挥着鲜为人知的独特作用。极少数天然矿物微孔道分子筛效应孕育有净化分子型气体污染物的作用,而大多数天然矿物超微孔道离子筛效应却孕育有净化离子型水体污染物的作用。  相似文献   

Measured and computed neutralization potentials from static tests of diverse rock types     

J. L. Jambor  J. E. Dutrizac  M. Raudsepp 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1173-1185

Static tests typically are used in the initial stage of environmental assessments to predict the potential for acid mine drainage, and also are used to monitor waste disposal at active mining operations. The neutralization potential (NP) of 19 sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous extrusive rocks was measured by the Sobek method to compare the results with those computed by using the quantitative mineralogy of the rocks and the NP values that were deemed to be appropriate for the individual minerals. Most of the computed NP values of the rocks are lower than the measured values, but a close relationship is evident. If the contents of carbonate minerals are low, the NP in non-ultramafic igneous rocks typically is controlled by the amount of Ca substitution in plagioclase, whereas in ultramafic rocks the NP contribution is dominated by the amount of olivine and serpentine. Compositional and NP analyses of plagioclase concentrates indicate that the NP systematically varies from <1 for the Na end-member to about 14 for compositions near that of the Ca end-member. Among several variables that can affect the Sobek NP values, the volume and normality of the acid added to the sample are well-known to influence the results; however, the temperature and duration of the acidification stage can also have a pronounced effect on the measured NP of some rocks, depending on their mineralogy. Fizz tests to estimate the carbonate content and the consequent acid addition are highly subjective, and the ‘no fizz’ rating is not to be taken literally. The NP results themselves provide a clear indication of whether a sample has been over-acidified or under-acidified in the test procedure.  相似文献   

Sedimentary dynamics and ecological state of Nakta tidal flat (littoral), South of Sfax, Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia     

Gargouri-Ben Ayed Z.  Souissi R.  Soussi M.  Abdeljaouad S.  and Zouari K. Laboratoire de radio-analyses et environnement  Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax  BP W  Sfax  Tunisie Université Tunis El Manar  Faculté des Sciences de Tunis  Département de géologie    Tunis  Tunisie 《中国地球化学学报》2007,26(3):244-251

The tidal flat of Nakta is located in the northern part of the gulf of Gabes and in the southern coast of Sfax. It corresponds to a flat reef protected from less topography, with a slope ranging between 2° and 4°, which borders the Gargour Wadi. The study sector is renowned to have moderate hydrodynamics which lasts almost for two millenary (14C isotopic dating). The sedimentological study of the Nakta tidal flat revealed different facies: fine-grained sand in the intertidal zone and carbonated muddy sand in the infratidal zone. Equilibrium state of the Nakta ecosystem depends entirely on tide currents, which mainly inhibit drift currents. The Nakta tidal flat is characterized by a variety of faunal species (Cerastoderma glaucum, Arca noe, Cardita antiquatus, Chlamys varied, Ruditapes deccussatus, Tapes rhomboids, Pinctada radiate, etc.) and floristic diversities (Halocnemum strobilacum, Halimione portulacoides, Enteromorpha linza, Ulva rigida, Cymodocea nodosa, Posidonia oceanica). The species are abundant in the infratidal zone, while in its intertidal zone, faunal species remain little diversified and are dominated by limivorous diggering. The paleogeographic study of the Nakta tidal flat showed the alternation of regression and transgression periods.  相似文献   

西藏东部钙铬榴石的矿物学特征及呈色机理     

何雪梅  吕林素 《地学前缘》2007,14(5):246-253

钙铬榴石是石榴石族中的稀有品种,文中对近年新发现的西藏东部钙铬榴石样品进行了矿物学特征分析和呈色机理探讨。采用扫描电镜观察钙铬榴石样品的显微结构并进行能谱分析,结果表明其内部含有颗粒很小的铬铁矿和石英包裹体,以及裂隙中充填的方解石和与钙铬榴石为类质同象连续关系的钙铝榴石,从而为该钙铬榴石的夕卡岩成因和产状提供了佐证。采用紫外-可见光分光光度计对样品进行吸收光谱测试,对其颜色指数进行了定量分析,所得样品颜色的主波长为530～540nm,饱和度为80%左右,进而分析了钙铬榴石的颜色主要由Cr3+引起,其呈色机理归因于Cr3+的d轨道电子跃迁。  相似文献   

成因矿物学研究在宝石学中的应用     

尹淑苹  谢玉玲  衣龙升 《新疆地质》2006,24(1):33-36

成因矿物学的许多理论,如矿物的物理性质标型、矿物化学成分标型、矿物包裹体成分标型等都已经渗透到了宝石学研究的各项工作中,这些理论为鉴定天然宝石与人工宝石、鉴定宝石是否经过处理以及进一步鉴定天然宝石的成因和产地提供了重要的思路和依据,并且对宝石的优化与合成有着重要的指导作用.本文在总结与分析前人研究成果的基础上,根据某些常见宝石的鉴定特征(如钻石、红宝石、蓝宝石、祖母绿以及其他一些常见宝玉石等),归纳和阐述成因矿物学研究在宝石学中的实际应用.  相似文献   

湖南辰溪仙人湾高岭土矿物学特征与应用途径探索     

张术根  丁俊  刘小胡  谭建农  常志强  凌传宗 《矿物学报》2006,26(4):357-362

湖南辰溪仙人湾高岭土矿床是新近勘查发现的岩溶洞穴胶体沉积型埃洛石矿床。运用化学成分分析、X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱、差热-热重分析、扫描电子显微镜以及氮气吸附解吸分析等研究手段,较系统地研究了该矿床的矿物学特征。除有极少量碎屑状石英,以及附着于埃洛石外表面的凝胶成因石英外,主要矿物是1 nm埃洛石,部分为0.7 nm埃洛石。埃洛石的Fe2O3平均含量仅约0.14%,TiO2平均含量仅约0.08%,为形态完整的管状晶体,管长一般为1.0~1.5μm,外径一般0.05~0.1μm,平均孔径0.016~0.030μm,是超薄精细陶瓷优质原料,在微反应器、限时释放器、有序结构膜组装以及环境净化材料方面具有潜在开发利用价值。  相似文献   

Particle Size Distributions of Clay-rich Sediments and Pure Clay Minerals: A Comparison of Grain Size Analysis with Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation     

Martin Hassellöv  Benny Lyvén  Henrik Bengtsson  Ragna Jansen  David R Turner  Ronald Beckett 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2001,7(2):155-171

Two clay-rich coastal sediment samples have been characterised together with three pure clays identified as major components of the sediment samples. The mineralogy of the sediments was determined by X-ray diffraction, and their bulk properties measured (organic carbon content, leachable iron and manganese, surface area and cation exchange capacity). A simple approach is used to model the properties of the sediments from those of their pure clay components. Good agreement is found for cation exchange capacity and specific surface area indicating that the clay minerals are the most important constituents influencing the sediments' surface properties. Particle size distributions were assessed by conventional grain size analysis, and also by Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation (SedFFF). These two approaches yield sharply differing size distributions; in particular, conventional grainsize analysis indicates a much greater proportion of submicron particles. Similar results are obtained from analysis of pure clays. The most likely reason for this is artifacts introduced in the unavoidable 1 m prefractionation used for SedFFF.  相似文献   

日本SELENE月球探测计划和卫星间多普勒跟踪的数学模型   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

平劲松  RISE  Group 《天文学进展》2001,19(3):354-364

日本月球探测计划（SELENE）定于2004年夏季利用HIIa火箭发射一组共3颗绕月人造卫星。他们是主卫星、跟踪中断卫星和空间VLBI电波源。其主要科学目标之一是利用对绕月卫星的多普勒跟踪数据精确测定月球重力场,研究月球的起源与演化。SELENE计划中实现这个科学目标的关键技术是引入中继卫星,目的在于当处于低轨道的主卫星飞行到月球背面地面观测站无法观测时,采用卫星间跟踪方法（SST）,建立地面站与主卫星之间的联系,以得到月球背面重力场的直接测量数据。介绍了几种典型的四程卫星间多普勒跟踪模式和相应的数学模型,并针对SELENE计划中采用的特殊四程多普勒跟踪模式建立了卫星相对观测站速度与跟踪信号多普勒频移之间的转换关系。提出了利用GEODYNⅡ定轨分析软件处理SELENE多普勒跟踪数据的流程。  相似文献