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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, and it often appears as a trace element in the ocean. Iron has a variable valence and diverse functions, and is an important force to regulate marine primary productivity and drive the geochemical cycle in the ocean. Previous studies have shown that iron plays an important role in maintaining primary productivity, coupling matter cycles, and regulating the transformation of biogenic factors. In recent years, with the development of microbial ecology, iron research has enter more in-depth levels, including microbial-driven iron oxidation-reduction behavior, metabolic processes, and interactions with other major elements(C/N/P). This paper attempts to review the latest progress of iron, focusing on the published literatures of the past fifteen years. Firstly, we explained the sources and occurrence states of iron in the ocean (such as dissolved, colloidal, granular and organic state); Secondly, we reviewed the types and process mechanisms of microbial-mediated iron redoxbehavior (for example nitrate oxidation, and biological reduction, etc.); Finally, we summarized the coupling relationship between iron and C/N/P cycle. Additionally, the ecological roles of iron in specific ecological event (for instance algal bloom) has also been described. Furthermore, the "chemical-biological-physical" theoretical framework for marine iron research is also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide more information for marine microecological research and their effects on iron cycle under changing environment, such as global change. 相似文献
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Brendan P. Burns Roberto Anitori Philip Butterworth Ruth Henneberger Falicia Goh Michelle A. Allen Raquel Ibaez-Peral Peter L. Bergquist Malcolm R. Walter Brett A. Neilan 《Precambrian Research》2009,173(1-4):10
Revealing the geological history of microbial life is very challenging. Microbes rarely are preserved with morphological fidelity, and even when they are, morphology is a poor guide to phylogeny and metabolism. Biological studies of environments considered analogous to those of paleobiological interest on the ancient Earth can inform interpretations and suggest new approaches. This paper reviews recent advances in our understanding of the biological diversity of two environments relevant to Archean paleobiology: those of extreme acidity and temperature (the Mt. Hood and White Island volcanoes), and high salinity (living stromatolites in Shark Bay). The combination of traditional microbial isolation with the use of modern molecular techniques has revealed that the microbial communities in these environments are much more diverse than originally thought. Through the extraction of whole microbial community DNA, enzymatic amplification of evolutionarily conserved genes, and cloning and sequencing of these genes, more specific and informed inferences concerning functional complexity in these extreme environments have now been made. Studies of the modern stromatolites have demonstrated that they have a very diverse range of micoorganisms, and contrary to previous interpretations, cyanobacteria are not the most abundant microbes present. In addition, many of the microorganisms are unique with no known close relatives, and these microorganisms may also possess novel physiologies vital to the integrity and persistence of stromatolites through space and time. Microbes in the volcanoes studied are present ubiquitously and include geochemically significant sulfur- and iron-cycling taxa. The findings from the studies reviewed here suggest that the Archean biota may have been functionally diverse and much more complex than has yet been revealed. The importance of studying modern analogues is stressed in that the biogeochemical processes occurring in these communities leave morphological, mineralogical, lipid and isotopic signals that could be sought in the rock record. 相似文献
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微生物广泛参与了其所处地质环境的物理和化学性质改造过程.监控微生物与地质介质之间相互作用的过程并了解其机制对近地面环境工程中土壤及地下水污染整治等实际应用有着至关重要的作用.地球物理勘测成像技术不仅能够在传统应用中测量和表征地表以下的物理特性变化,大量直接有效的证据表明这些方法还可以捕获孔隙介质中的生物地球化学变化的动态过程,包括监测微生物、微生物活动以及它们与矿物之间的相互作用.生物地球物理(Biogeophysics)作为勘探地球物理的一个新兴分支学科,包含了微生物学、生物地球科学以及地球物理勘测等多个学科,侧重于研究微生物与地质介质相互作用对地球物理场的影响.过去十几年在生物地球物理领域的研究充分表明和验证了地球物理勘测方法的独特优点(最小化侵入、时空连续及跨尺度运用),并为将传统勘测方法用于探索跨时间空间各尺度的地下生物地球化学动态过程提供了理论及实验依据.本篇综述将系统介绍生物地球物理学科的理论背景、发展和研究前沿.首先讨论微生物及其活动引起的孔隙介质中物理化学性质的变化.其次,将侧重于探讨微生物活动对包括地电法、电磁法、探地雷达以及地震法等不同地球物理场的响应.最后将讨论生物地球物理领域的机遇、挑战和潜在应用. 相似文献
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Michael Dagg Riki Sato Hongbin Liu Thomas S. Bianchi Rebecca Green Rodney Powell 《Continental Shelf Research》2008
Nutrients from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya Rivers greatly stimulate biological production in the ‘classical’ food web on the inner shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Portions of this production, especially large diatoms and zooplankton fecal pellets, sink and decompose in the bottom water, consuming oxygen and contributing to the annual development of an extensive zone of bottom water hypoxia, typically >15,000 km2 since 1993. The microbial food web is also active in the Mississippi River plume, but consists of small organisms that sink slowly. This ‘recycling’ food web has not been considered as a significant contributor to vertical flux and hypoxia. However, gelatinous zooplankton, especially pelagic appendicularians such as Oikopleura dioica, mediate the conversion of microbial web organisms to organic particles with high sinking rates. When pelagic appendicularians are abundant in coastal regions of the northern Gulf of Mexico, they stimulate the rapid vertical transfer of microbial web productivity in the surface layer, which is only 5–15 m thick in the coastal hypoxic region, to the sub-pycnocline layer that becomes hypoxic each summer. In this paper we present results from two studies examining the significance of this pathway. In both 2002 and 2004, we observed high production rates of appendicularians in coastal waters. Discarded gelatinous houses and fecal pellets from the appendicularian populations often provided more than 1 g m−2 d−1 of organic carbon for the establishment and maintenance of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This source of organic matter flux is especially important in regions far from the river plumes and during periods of low river discharge. Autotrophic elements of this food web are primarily supported by recycled inorganic nutrients originating in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. Sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) supporting the heterotrophic components of this microbial food web may include in situ production, the Mississippi/Atchafalaya Rivers, and Louisiana's coastal wetlands. If significant, the latter source provides a possible link between Louisiana's high rates of coastal land loss and the large hypoxic zone observed along the coast during summer. Both of the latter DOM sources are independent of phytoplankton production stimulated by inputs of riverine inorganic nutrients. 相似文献
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富营养化对海洋生态系统的影响及其围隔实验研究 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
陆源的营养盐输入引起海洋中的富营养化,提高了水体中营养盐含量,改变了水体中营养盐比例,引起浮游植物水华甚至赤潮。水华发生时由于沿传统食物链的能流在浮游植物环节阻塞,能量过多地分配到微生物环,细菌大量繁殖分解有机物,导致水体缺氧,造成鱼虾贝类窒息死亡。围隔系统是物质相对守恒的系统,围隔与自然海水没有水交换,利用现场围隔实验可以定量地、系统地研究海洋生态系统对富营养化的响应。围隔实验现已成为全球海洋生态系统动力学研究的重要手段。 相似文献