A Geography of Children's Vulnerability: Gender,Household Resources,and Water-Related Disease Hazard in Northern Pakistan     

《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):120-133

Abstract

Water-related diseases continue to pose major threats to children's survival and well-being in many places in the developing world. This article develops a theoretical perspective on the ways in which children's vulnerability to water-related disease hazard is produced within the everyday circumstances of livelihood and child care. Central to this analysis is the role that household resources play in mediating or shaping particular microenvironments of health risk. Further, the effects of local geographies of gender on how household resources are accessed and on how child care is structured are examined. Children's vulnerability is evaluated in a community in the District of Gilgit in northern Pakistan, a region presently undergoing tremendous social and economic transformation. The case study highlights household-level response and adaptation to child health risks associated with diarrheal disease transmission and infection in this mountain environment. The case study draws from ethnographic fieldwork involving qualitative household microstudies and interviewing to elicit mothers' resource and risk-response strategies in the context of changes in livelihood systems and household dynamics.

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巴基斯坦红其拉甫国家公园种子植物区系分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

海鹰  阿布力米提·阿布都卡迪尔  曾雅娟  陈济丁  王云  陶双成  周剑 《干旱区地理》2011,34(3):486-491

红其拉甫国家公园(国家自然保护区)位于巴基斯坦北部地区,喀喇昆仑山南坡,介于36°04′～37°05′N和74°38′～75°45′E之间,海拔3 200～6 000 m之间,平均海拔4 000 m,总面积约2 270 km2,建于1975年.通过实地考察和查阅相关文献资料,对分布于该地区的植物从区系组成、区系性质的角...  相似文献   

Late Cretaceous ophiolite obduction and Paleocene India-Asia collision in the westernmost Himalaya     

Richard A. Beck  Douglas W. Burbank  William J. Sercombe  Asrar M. Khan  Robert D. Lawrence 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(2-3):114-144

Abstract

Collision of the Kohistan island arc with Asia at ~100 Ma resulted in N-S compression within the Neo-Tethys at a spreading center north of the Indo-Pakistani craton. Subsequent India-Asia convergence converted the Neo-Tethyan spreading center into a short-lived subduction zone. The hanging wall of the subduction zone became the Waziristan, Khost and Jalalabad igneous complexes. During the Santonian- Campanian (late Cretaceous), thrusting of the NW IndoPakistani craton beneath Albian oceanic crust and a Cenomanian volcano-sedimentary complex, generated an ophiolite-radiolarite belt. Ophiolite obduction resulted in tectonic loading and flexural subsidence of the NW Indian margin and sub-CCD deposition of shelf-derived olistostromes and turbidites in the foredeep. Campanian-Maastriehtian calci- clastic and siliciclastic sediment gravity flows derived from both margins filled the foredeep as a huge allochthon of Triassic-Jurassic rise and slope strata was thrust ahead of the ophiolites onto the Indo-Pakistani craton. Shallow to intermediate marine strata covered the foredeep during the late Maastrichtian. As ophiolite obduction neared completion during the Maastrichtian, the majority of India-Asia convergence was accommodated along the southern margin of Asia. During the Paleocene, India was thrust beneath a second allochthon that included open marine middle Maastrichtian colored mélange which represents the Asian Makran-Indus-Tsangpo accretionary prism. Latérites that formed on the eroded ophiolites and structurally higher colored mélange during the Paleocene wei’e unconformably overlapped by upper Paleocene and Middle Eocene shallow marine limestone and shale that delineate distinct episodes of Paleocene collisional and Early Eocene post-collisional deformation.  相似文献   

The Role of Aga Khan Rural Support Programme in Rural Development in the Karakorum, Hindu Kush & Himalayan Region: Examples from the Northern Mountainous Belt of Pakistan     

Fazlur-Rahman 《山地科学学报》2007,(4)

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南亚(巴基斯坦)地震灾害分布及成因分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

曲国胜  黄建发  李小军  张晓东  宁宝坤  李亦纲 《震灾防御技术》2008,3(1):85-94

通过对南亚地震震害及其成因的分析表明,南亚地震灾害具有以下特点：①南亚地震的发震构造为喜马拉雅前缘弧形逆冲断层,地震地表破裂带发育的巴拉考特镇为此次地震的极震区,大量建筑物倒塌,造成严重的人员伤亡：②建筑物震害呈有规律分布：③地表破裂带和沿河谷两岸以及山坡的滑坡、建筑物没有抗震设防、建筑物结构不合理等是造成损失惨重的主因。  相似文献   

ANALYSIS OF FOLDS SOUTH OF MALAKAND AND ADJOINING AREAS, NORTH PAKISTAN     

Irshad Ahmad  Joseph A. DiPietro 《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)

ANALYSIS OF FOLDS SOUTH OF MALAKAND AND ADJOINING AREAS, NORTH PAKISTAN1　Can啨ｒｏｔＪ,QuG .CuadernosdeGeologiaiberica ,1998,2 4:311～ 331. 2　DebelmasJ,MascleG .EnsSciencesdelaTerre[M ].Masson ,ed .1991.2 99.3　GaetaniM ,GarzantiE .AAPGBull ,1991,75 (9) :142 7～ 144 6 . 4　HendrixMS ,GrahamSA ,CarrollAR ,etal.GeolSocAmBull,1992 ,10 4:5 3～ 79.. 5　Jia ,Coll.PetroleumIndustryPress,Beijing .1997,2 95 . 6　JiaD ,LuHCaiD ,etal.AAPGBull ,8…  相似文献   

Genesis and evolution of hydrocarbons entrapped in the fluorite deposit of Koh-i-Maran, (North Kirthar Range, Pakistan)     

N. Guilhaumou  N. Ellouz  T. M. Jaswal  P. Mougin 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2000,17(10)

The exceptional development of coeval hydrocarbon and aqueous fluid inclusions (FI) in fluorite from the MVT-type ore deposit of Koh-i-Maran, Baluchistan (North Kirthar range, Pakistan), provides samples which are representative of the ore-forming fluid and which support the hypothesis of petroleum migration in the province. Primary brines at 125°C (10 wt% equ. NaCl) and secondary CH₄-rich brines at 135°C (7 wt% equ. NaCl), are recognised to be associated with oil migration in the fluid inclusions. They support the model of a per ascensum MVT (Mississippi Valley Type) stratabound hydrothermal deposit. A pressure–temperature path of 120–125°C to 165–200 bars is calculated from microthermometric data and PVT modelling of hydrocarbon FI using the modified Peng–Robinson Equation of State (IFP software) from primary cogenetic inclusions (oil and brines).The composition of gas and oil fractions is obtained by a combination of Synchrotron FTIR microanalysis and gas chromatography performed on individual fluid inclusions. The oil entrapped as a coeval primary fluid phase is a light aliphatic normal oil in the range C₈–C₃₅ with a high CO₂ content. The brown solid phase found systematically in the oil is probably asphaltene resulting from precipitation after trapping of the heavy fraction, which commonly occurs by decreasing pressure and temperature and\or by CO₂ injection. Later CH₄-rich brine influx probably modified part of the oil in the primary fluid inclusions because degraded oil is observed within such inclusions. Biomarkers obtained by GC-MS analysis indicate a terpane distribution quite similar to the nearest oil seepage in the Gokurt area. This result and the high CO₂ content of organic fluid inclusions indicate a restricted/confined sedimentary environment for the source rock, which could correspond to the Eocene Carbonate formation with type-II organic matter. A possible additional input of gas from the Sambar formation is suggested as feasible. The link between the fluid inclusion data and the geodynamic evolution lead us to propose a circulation of basinal fluids driven mainly by the fault system during dewatering in the foredeep. In Pakistan, they are coeval to major compressional NW–SE Oligocene episode in the thrust belt. The origin of the fluorine may be found in the basin sediments as well as near the basement. The brines originated in salt structures recognized in eocambrian at the decollement level, the source rock was already mature.  相似文献   

Spatial distribution,environmental assessment and source identification of metals content in surface sediments of freshwater reservoir,Pakistan     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2016,76(1):171-177

Surface sediments were collected from different sites of a freshwater reservoir, Pakistan, and analyzed for eight metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The estimated metals levels were found higher than other reported studies. The environmental indices including geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and contamination factor identified Cd, Co, Pb and Zn as the priority pollutants of concern. Chromium, Cu and Mn were also found to be enriched in some areas. The pollution load index (≥1) indicated progressive deterioration of the sediments quality. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed that Cd, Co, Pb and Zn were mainly originated from agricultural activities, domestic wastes, road runoffs and recreational activities. Chromium, Cu, Fe and Mn were mainly derived from natural sources though Cr, Cu and Mn were partially contributed by human inputs. Based on spatial distribution, inlet and middle sites of the reservoir were found more contaminated. This study would drive urgent attention to develop preventive actions and remediation processes for aquatic system protection and future restoration of the reservoir.  相似文献   

2005年巴基斯坦北部7.8级地震灾害调查与分析     

李小军  曲国胜  张晓东 《震灾防御技术》2007,2(4):354-362

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦北部发生了7.8级大地震,本文作者在参加中国国际救援队现场地震救援的同时,深入地震重灾分布区开展了工程震害的现场调查工作。本文基于震害调查结果,分析了此次地震灾害状况和工程震灾特点,探讨了其产生的原因,并且给出了一些经验教训。  相似文献   

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agro-Ecosystems and Their Contribution to Environmental Change in the Indus Basin of Pakistan     

M. Mohsin IQBAL  M. Arif GOHEER 《大气科学进展》2008,25(6):1043-1052

There is growing concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been responsible for global warming through their effect on radiation balance and temperature. The magnitude of emissions and the relative importance of different sources vary widely, regionally and locally. The Indus Basin of Pakistan is the food basket of the country and agricultural activities are vulnerable to the effects of global warming due to accelerated emissions of GHGs. Many developments have taken place in the agricultural sector of Pakistan in recent decades in the background of the changing role of the government and the encouragement of the private sector for investment in new ventures. These interventions have considerable GHG emission potential. Unfortunately, no published information is currently available on GHG concentrations in the Indus Basin to assess their magnitude and emission trends. The present study is an attempt to estimate GHG （CO2, CH4 and N2O） emissions arising from different agro-ecosystems of Indus Basin. The GHGs were estimated mostly using the IPCC Guidelines and data from the published literature. The results showed that CH4 emissions were the highest （4.126 Tg yr^-1） followed by N20 （0.265 Tg yr^-1） and CO2 （52.6 Tg yr^-1）. The sources of CH4 are enteric fermentation, rice cultivation and cultivation of other crops. N2O is formed by microbial denitrification of NO3 produced from applied fertilizer-N on cropped soils or by mineralization of native organic matter on fallow soils. CO2 is formed by the burning of plant residue and by soil respiration due to the decomposition of soil organic matter.  相似文献