东北冷涡不稳定能量分布特征及其与降水落区的关系   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

陈力强  张立祥  周小珊 《高原气象》2008,27(2):339-348

应用地面自动站1 h雨量资料和NCEP再分析资料,以一次典型的东北冷涡过程(2005年7月8~14日)为例,根据冷涡环流特征,将冷涡过程划分为发展期、成熟期、减弱期3个阶段。发现冷涡发展阶段降水主要由其南部西风锋区湿斜压不稳定产生,属于大范围混合型降水;而其他阶段降水主要由对流不稳定产生,以局地对流性降水为主。冷涡的不同发展阶段均可对应不稳定能量区,但其分布有较大差异,对流层低层的暖湿输送及辐合是不稳定能量积累的关键。发展阶段不稳定能量区分布于离冷涡中心较远的东南部;成熟期位于接近冷涡中心东南部;减弱期位于冷涡减弱形成的低压槽中。不同发展阶段不稳定能量与对流降水有不同的对应关系,冷涡发展期对流有效位能与较大的水汽通量是影响降水落区的主要因素;成熟期对流降水基本发生在对流有效位能区和925 hPa湿区的重叠区域;减弱期对流降水不但与对流有效位能、低层相对湿度有关,而且还取决于对流层低层辐合线。  相似文献   

东北半干旱区退化草地土壤温度的日、季变化特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

涂钢  刘辉志  董文杰 《高原气象》2008,27(4)

在国家基础研究发展规划项目(973)"我国生存环境演变和北方干旱化趋势预测研究"支持下,吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验站于2002年10月建成并正式开始观测,该站也是国际协同加强观测计划(CEOP)观测网中36个地面站之一。本文利用2002年10月—2005年12月高密度连续观测资料,对退化草地下垫面土壤温度变化特征进行了分析。发现在东北半干旱地区,退化草地0~10 cm深处土壤温度日变化明显,20 cm处日变化较弱(冬季无明显日变化),50 cm以下无日变化;土壤温度0~80 cm存在明显的年变化周期,20 cm以下位相滞后明显,土壤垂直温度梯度经历一个负→转换期→正→转换期→负的年循环。土壤冻结期约96天。太阳辐射是影响土壤温度长期变化的主要因素;土壤表层温度、湿度的日变化对降水事件的响应因降水强度、时间等的不同而不同。太阳辐射是影响土壤温度长期变化的主要因素;土壤温度对降水事件的响应近似一渐变过程,而土壤湿度相对是一快速的跃变响应过程。  相似文献   

近45a黄冈市气温和降水的变化与异常特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李建平  易成功  张火平 《湖北气象》2008,27(1):59-64

利用线性倾向率、滑动平均、小波分析、异常分析等方法,对黄冈市45a来（1961～2005年）气温和降水变化事实进行诊断分析,着重分析气温和降水的年际变化、年代际变化等基本气候特征。结果表明,黄冈市年平均气温呈上升趋势,特别是自1980年代后期上升尤为明显,冬、春季增温对该市年平均气温贡献最大;平均气温变化阶段性明显;气温周期性变化明显,平均气温主要有4a和6a年际周期、13a和20a年代际周期;45a中没有出现异常偏冷年,异常偏暖年出现过1次（1998年）;年最高气温呈弱上升趋势,阶段性明显,冷暖交替变化;年最低气温呈明显上升趋势;年降水量呈增多趋势,1980年代为降水峰值期;降水量周期性变化明显,主要有6～7a年际周期、13a年代际周期;45a中降水异常偏多和异常偏少均未出现。  相似文献   

Intraseasonal variability in subtropical South America as depicted by precipitation data   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

P. L. M. González  C. S. Vera  B. Liebmann  G. Kiladis 《Climate Dynamics》2008,30(7-8):727-744

Daily precipitation data from three stations in subtropical Argentina are used to describe intraseasonal variability (20–90 days) during the austral summer. This variability is compared locally and regionally with that present in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data, in order to evaluate the performance of this variable as a proxy for convection in the region. The influence of the intraseasonal activity of the South American Seesaw (SASS) leading convection pattern on precipitation is also explored. Results show that intraseasonal variability explains a significant portion of summer precipitation variance, with a clear maximum in the vicinity of the SASS subtropical center. Correlation analysis reveals that OLR can explain only a small portion of daily precipitation variability, implying that it does not constitute a proper proxy for precipitation on daily timescales. On intraseasonal timescales, though, OLR is able to reproduce the main features of precipitation variability. The dynamical conditions that promote the development of intraseasonal variability in the region are further analyzed for selected summers. Seasons associated with a strong intraseasonal signal in precipitation variability show distinctive wet/dry intraseasonal periods in daily raw data, and are associated with a well defined SASS-like spatial pattern of convection. During these summers, strong large-scale forcing (such as warm El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and/or tropical intraseasonal convective activity), and Rossby-wave-like circulation anomalies extending across the Pacific Ocean, are also observed.  相似文献   

Water-soluble organic and nitrogen levels in cloud and rainwater in a background marine environment under influence of different air masses     

Adriana Gioda  Olga L. Mayol-Bracero  Gabriel J. Reyes-Rodriguez  Gilmarie Santos-Figueroa  Jeffrey L. Collett Jr. 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(2):85-99

Chemical characterization was performed on cloud and rainwater samples collected as part of the Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean Experiment (RICO). This experiment took place at a mountaintop site (East Peak) in Puerto Rico from December 2004 to March 2007 in order to determine water-soluble organic and nitrogen fractions in a marine background environment. For cloud water, similar average concentrations of 1.0 (±0.3) mg/L were found for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) and an average concentration of 0.8 (±0.2) mg/L was found for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In rainwater, these concentrations were lower, ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 (±0.1) mg/L. Changes in the concentrations of these species were observed in periods under the influence of anthropogenic, African dust, and volcanic ash air masses. In these periods the concentrations of TOC, DOC, and TN were 2 to 4 times higher than in periods under the influence of trade winds. The insoluble organic material arriving during African dust events showed total carbon (TC) concentrations on averaging 1.5 mg/L for cloud water. The TC was composed mainly of organic carbon with polar compounds from low to high molecular weight (MW). The polar compounds with high MW were probably associated with pollution (e.g., fossil fuel combustion) from other regions. Crustal species (Al and Fe) dominated particles associated with dust episodes, confirming the soil origin. Our results suggested that a fraction (40–80%) of TOC and (<100%) of TN in Puerto Rican cloud/rainwater could be originated from long-range transport of dust, ash and/or pollution.  相似文献   

The remarkable wide range spatial scaling of TRMM precipitation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S. Lovejoy  D. Schertzer  V.C. Allaire 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(1):10-32

The advent of space borne precipitation radar has opened up the possibility of studying the variability of global precipitation over huge ranges of scale while avoiding many of the calibration and sparse network problems which plague ground based rain gage and radar networks. We studied 1176 consecutive orbits of attenuation-corrected near surface reflectivity measurements from the TRMM satellite PR instrument. We find that for well-measured statistical moments (orders 0 < q < 2) corresponding to radar reflectivities with dBZ < 57 and probabilities > 10^− 6, that the residuals with respect to a pure scaling (power law) variability are remarkably low: ± 6.4% over the range 20,000 km down to 4.3 km. We argue that higher order moments are biased due to inadequately corrected attenuation effects. When a stochastic three — parameter universal multifractal cascade model is used to model both the reflectivity and the minimum detectable signal of the radar (which was about twice the mean), we find that we can explain the same statistics to within ± 4.6% over the same range. The effective outer scale of the variability was found to be 32,000 ± 2000 km. The fact that this is somewhat larger than the planetary scale (20,000 km) is a consequence of the residual variability of precipitation at the planetary scales. With the help of numerical simulations we were able to estimate the three fundamental parameters as α ≈ 1.5, C₁ = 0.63 ± 0.02 and H = 0.00 ± 0.01 (the multifractal index, the codimension of the mean and the nonconservation parameter respectively). There was no error estimate on α since although α = 1.5 was roughly the optimum value, this conclusion depended on assumptions about the instrument at both low and high reflectivities. The value H = 0 means that the reflectivity can be modeled as a pure multiplicative process, i.e. that the reflectivity is conserved from scale to scale. We show that by extending the model down to the inner “relaxation scale” where the turbulence and rain decouple (in light rain, typically about 40 cm), that even without an explicit threshold, the model gives quite reasonable predictions about the frequency of occurrence of perceptible precipitation rates.While our basic findings (the scaling, outer scale) are almost exactly as predicted twenty years ago on the basis on ground based radar and the theory of anisotropic (stratified) cascades, they are incompatible with classical turbulence approaches which require at least two isotropic turbulence regimes separated by a meso-scale “gap”. They are also incompatible with classical meteorological phenomenology which identifies morphology with mechanism and breaks up the observed range 4 km–20 000 km into several subranges each dominated by different mechanisms. Finally, since the model specifies the variability over huge ranges, it shows promise for resolving long standing problems in rain measurement from both (typically sparse) rain gage networks and radars.  相似文献   

Regionalisation of precipitation for the Iberian Peninsula and climate change     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2016

Temporal variability of precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) has high spatial gradients. Therefore, statistics of the temporal behaviour of precipitation and derived quantities over the IP must be estimated taking into account these spatial gradients. Some statistics can be displayed over a map. However there are statistics, such as Probability Density Functions at each location of the IP, that are impossible to display in a map. Because of this, it is mandatory to reduce the number of degrees of freedom which, in this case, consists of a reduction of the time series representative of the IP domain. In this work, we present a spatial partition of the IP region into areas of similar precipitation. For that, an observed dataset of daily-total precipitation for the years between 1951 and 2003 was used. The land-only high resolution data was obtained on a regular grid with 0.2° resolution in the IP domain. This data was subjected to a k-means Cluster Analysis in order to divide the IP into K regions. The clustering was performed using the squared Euclidean distance. Four clusters of IP grid points, defining 4 IP regions, were identified. The grid points in each region share the same time-varying behaviour which is different from region to region. The annual precipitation discriminates the following regions: (1) north Iberia, (2) a large region extending from the centre to the Mediterranean shores of the IP, (3) a large region ranging from the centre to the western and southwestern shores of the Iberia, and (4) northwest Iberia. The regions obtained for the four seasons of the year are similar. These results are consistent with the thermodynamic characteristics described in the available literature. These Iberian regions were used to assess climate change of seasonal precipitation from the multi-model ensemble of the fifteen simulations provided by the European project ENSEMBLES. Probability Density Functions of annual- and seasonal-total precipitation, consecutive dry days, and total precipitation above the 95th percentile, averaged in each region were estimated for a reference climate (1961–1960), a near-future climate (2021–2050), and a distant-future climate (2069–2098). Climate change projections are based on comparisons of these functions between each future climate and the reference climate.Finally, we emphasize that: (i) the methodology used here, based on Cluster Analysis, can be used to regionalise other areas of the world, and (ii) the identified regions of the IP can be used to represent the Iberian precipitation by four time series that can be subjected to further analysis, whose results can be presented in a concise manner.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of different techniques for spatial interpolation of rainfall data to create a serially complete monthly time series of precipitation for Sicily,Italy     

A. Di Piazza  F. Lo ContiL.V. Noto  F. ViolaG. La Loggia 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2011

The availability of good and reliable rainfall data is fundamental for most hydrological analyses and for the design and management of water resources systems. However, in practice, precipitation records often suffer from missing data values mainly due to malfunctioning of raingauge for specific time periods. This is an important issue in practical hydrology because it affects the continuity of rainfall data and ultimately influences the results of hydrologic studies which use rainfall as input. Many methods to estimate missing rainfall data have been proposed in literature and, among these, most are based on spatial interpolation algorithms.  相似文献   

南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压的变化及其与降水的联系   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

陈永仁  李跃清  齐冬梅 《高原气象》2011,30(5):1148-1157

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国160站月降水资料,分析了南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压（下称西太副高）在不同时间尺度上的关系及对降水的影响。结果表明,南亚高压东伸指数存在3～6年、10～15年和20年以上的周期变化,西太副高西伸指数存在3～6年和20年以上的周期变化。其中在3～6年尺度和10～15年尺度上,南亚高...  相似文献   

石家庄地区一次秋季冷锋云系垂直微物理结构的观测研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

居丽玲  牛生杰  段英  石立新 《高原气象》2011,30(5):1324-1336

利用2008年10月4～5日石家庄一次降水性层状云系的飞机探测资料,结合实时天气、卫星、雷达等资料,分析了降水过程的天气背景条件、降水初期云中的液态含水量、云粒子平均直径和粒子谱等要素的垂直分布与变化特征,以及云系的垂直微物理结构。结合云中冰雪晶二维粒子图像的增长和地面降水特征,初步探讨了该层状云系降水形成的物理机制。...  相似文献