一次层状云系结构和降水机制的观测与数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

王秀娟  李培仁  赵震  侯团结  杨洁帆  申东东  雷恒池 《气候与环境研究》2013,18(3):311-328

利用机载微物理探测仪器获得了2010年4月20～21日我国中东部地区的一次大范围降雨过程的观测资料,详细分析了云系的微物理结构和降水过程,并利用WRF模式对降水过程进行了数值模拟分析,详细探讨了此次降雨形成的微物理机制。分析表明,降水前期,云体在垂直方向上存在分层结构,云粒子探头(Cloud Droplet Probe, CDP)粒子浓度存在较大起伏。降水中期,CDP粒子主要存在于4.27 km以下,其中3.69 km处浓度较大,峰值普遍超过100 cm^-3;降水粒子和尺度较大的云粒子同样在4.27 km以下。4.27 km、3.69 km处粒子形态较丰 富,经历了不同尺度的片状、不规则状、针状及辐枝状的变化,3.69 km处CDP粒子浓度较少时,降水粒子以针状为主,而CDP粒子浓度充足时则转化为尺寸更大的辐枝状粒子。4.27 km、3.69 km高度层存在的主要粒子是雪晶,其次是少许冰晶。降水后期,云体从顶部开始趋于消散,表现为3.9 km高度以上无明显CDP粒子,仅存在部分云粒子和降水粒子,其形态为不规则状。降水主要形成于3.9 km以下的云层,此时冷层仍存在部分针状的冰雪晶。WRF模拟结果表明:雨滴大部分形成于2.9 km以下,0 ℃层下方,2.2～2.9 km雪的融化贡献最大,2.2 km以下重力碰并为主。雪是冷暖层主要的降水粒子,雪在冰雪晶层大部分高度仍以凝华增长为主,混合层以凝华增长和结淞增长为主,而雪的增长程度可能受上升气流强度、过冷水含量影响。  相似文献   

Characterizing spatial patterns of precipitation based on corrected TRMM 3B43 data over the mid Tianshan Mountains of China   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Xuan Ji  Yunfang Chen 《山地科学学报》2012,9(5):628-645

The poor distribution of meteorological stations results in a limited understanding of the precipitation pattern in the Tianshan Mountains. The spatial patterns of precipitation over the mid Tianshan Mountains were characterized based on the TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation data. By comparing satellite estimates with observed data, it shows that TRMM 3B43 data underestimate the precipitation in mountain region. Regression models were developed to improve the TRMM 3B43 data, using geographic location and topographic variables extracted from DEM using GIS technology. The explained variance in observed precipitation was improved from 64% (from TRMM 3B43 products alone) to over 82% and the bias reduced by over 30% when location and topographic variables were added. We recalculated all the TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation grids for the period 1998 to 2009 using the best regression models, and then studied the variation patterns of precipitation over the mid Tianshan Mountains. The results are well explained by a general understanding of the patterns of precipitation and orographic effects. This indicated that the Tianshan Mountains strongly influences the amount and distribution of precipitation in the region. This is highlighted by the confinement of the precipitation maxima to the windward (northern slope). And complex vertical changes in the provenance and distribution of precipitation, like that a negative increasing rate of precipitation in the vertical direction exists in the north but does not in south. The results have also revealed large gradients and different patterns in seasonal precipitation that are not simply related to elevation, the distribution of precipitation may also be affected by other seasonal factors such as the sources of moist air, wind direction and temperature.  相似文献   

卫星遥感数据评估黄土高原陆面干湿程度研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

康悦  文军  张堂堂  田辉  陈昊 《地球物理学报》2014,57(8):2473-2483

卫星遥感数据具有估算时空尺度上地表参量的优势,在陆地环境状况评估和监测等方面有很大的应用潜力.本文利用美国地球观测系统卫星搭载中等分辨率成像光谱仪（EOS/MODIS）在黄土高原2002-2010年期间获取的每16天归一化植被指数（NDVI）和每日地表温度（LST）数据,分析了黄土高原地区LST-NDVI空间的基本特征.结果发现：当研究区域足够大且遥感数据时间序列足够长时,LST-NDVI空间中（NDVI,LST）散点并非呈三角形或梯形分布.为了能够利用EOS/MODIS的NDVI和LST数据正确地评估陆面的干湿状况,本文给出了利用数据集合法确定LST-NDVI空间中干边和湿边的数值,即在LST-NDVI空间中,利用NDVI等值区间内LST最大值和最小值的集合代表干边和湿边的数值,并进一步证明了在LST-NDVI空间中干边和湿边数值并非呈线性关系.在分析LST-NDVI空间特征的基础上,通过构建地表温度-植被干旱指数（TVDI）,探讨其在评估黄土高原地区陆面的干湿状况的应用潜力.结果表明：由TVDI距平表征的陆面的干湿程度与局地降水距平有很好的关联性,二者在时空分布上有较好的对应关系.在我国陇东黄土高原塬区,TDVI数值与地面观测的表层土壤湿度有很好的相关性,相关系数在0.67以上,并通过显著性为1%的检验.由此说明：如果合理选取干边和湿边的数值,TDVI可应用于区域陆面干湿程度的客观评估.  相似文献   

Assessing the impact of interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation on evapotranspiration     

《Advances in water resources》2014

The impact of interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation on the long-term mean annual evapotranspiration as well as on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration is studied using a stochastic soil moisture model within the Budyko framework. Results indicate that given the same long-term mean annual precipitation and potential evaporation, including interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation reduces the long-term mean annual evapotranspiration. This reduction effect is mostly prominent when the dryness index (i.e., the ratio of potential evaporation to precipitation) is within the range from 0.5 to 2. The maximum reductions in the evaporation ratio (i.e., the ratio of evapotranspiration to precipitation) can reach 8–10% for a range of coefficient of variation (CV) values for precipitation and potential evaporation. The relations between the maximum reductions and the CV values of precipitation and potential evaporation follow power laws. Hence the larger the interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation becomes, the larger the reductions in the evaporation ratio will be. The inclusion of interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation also increases the interannual variability of evapotranspiration. It is found that the interannual variability of daily rainfall depth and that of the frequency of daily rainfall events have quantitatively different impacts on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration; and they also interact differently with the interannual variability of potential evaporation. The results presented in this study demonstrate the importance of understanding the role of interannual variability of precipitation and potential evaporation in land surface hydrology under a warming climate.  相似文献   

5个IPCC AR4全球气候模式对东北三省降水模拟与预估   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

崔妍  周晓宇  赵春雨  龚强  王颖  李倩  敖雪  房一禾  张海娜 《气象与环境学报》2014,30(4):34-41

利用IPCC AR4中5个全球气候模式数据集和中国东北三省162个站降水实测资料,评估5个全球气候模式和多模式集合平均对中国东北三省降水的模拟能力,并对SRES B1、A1B和A2三种排放情景东北三省未来降水变化进行预估。结果表明：全球气候模式能较好再现东北三省降水的月变化,但存在系统性湿偏差;多模式集合平均能较好模拟东北三省年降水量的空间分布,但模拟中心偏北,强度略强,模式对东北三省夏季降水的模拟效果优于冬季降水;预估结果表明,三种排放情景下21世纪中前期和末期东北三省降水均将增多,21世纪末期增幅高于21世纪中前期,冬季增幅高于其他季节;就排放情景而言,SRES A1B和A2排放情景增幅相当,高于B1排放情景增幅;不同排放情景东北三省降水量增率分布呈较一致变化,A2排放情景下,增幅最显著的辽宁环渤海地区年降水量在21世纪中前期将增加7%以上,21世纪末期将增加16%。  相似文献   

WRF模式不同微物理过程对东北降水相态预报的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

崔锦  周晓珊  阎琦  张爱忠  李得勤  宋国云  陈雨 《气象与环境学报》2014,30(5):1-6

为了研究不同微物理过程对中尺度模式降水相态预报的影响,利用中尺度模式WRF（V3.1）和NCEP再分析资料,采用WSM 6方案、Goddard方案和New Thompson方案等3种不同微物理过程参数化方案,对2006-2008年东北地区存在降水相变的11次降水过程进行了敏感性试验。通过对降水和云微物理特征影响的分析,了解不同方案间的预报差异。结果表明：不同微物理方案对降水落区和强度预报影响不明显,而降水相态对微物理参数化方案较为敏感,主要表现在对雨区和雨夹雪区预报影响显著。从总体预报效果来看Goddard方案表现较好。选用不同微物理参数化方案模拟的底层大气云微物理特征存在较大的差别,正是这种差别直接导致了降水相态预报间的差异。  相似文献   

Gravity change observed in a local gravity network and its implication to seasonal precipitation in Dali county,Yunnan province,China          下载免费PDF全文

Xin Zhou  Wenke Sun  Hui Li  Shuhei Okubo  Shaoan Sun  Lelin Xing  Dongzhi Liu  Chongyang Shen 《地震科学（英文版）》2014,27(1):79-88

This study investigates data-processing methods and examines the precipitation effect on gravity measurements at the Dali gravity network, established in 2005. High-quality gravity data were collected during four measurement campaigns. To use the gravity data validly, some geophysical corrections must be considered carefully. We first discuss data-processing methods using weighted least-squares adjustment with the constraint of the absolute gravity datum. Results indicate that the gravity precision can be improved if all absolute gravity data are used as constraints and if calibration functions of relative gravimeters are modeled within the observation function. Using this data-processing scheme, the mean point gravity precision is better than 12 μgal. After determining the best data-processing scheme, we then process the gravity data obtained in the four measurement campaigns, and obtain gravity changes in three time periods. Results show that the gravity has a remarkable change of more than 50 μgal in the first time period from Apr–May of 2005 to Aug–Sept of 2007. To interpret the large gravity change, a mean water mass change (0.6 m in height) is assumed in the ETOPO1 topographic model. Calculations of the precipitation effect on gravity show that it can reach the same order of the observed gravity change. It is regarded as a main source of the remarkable gravity change in the Dali gravity network, suggesting that the precipitation effect on gravity measurements must be considered carefully.  相似文献   

1961—2005年河北省降水气候特征及雨水资源的开发利用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

高霞  李强 《气象与环境学报》2008,24(4):49-52

河北省的气候条件造成了该地区水资源量的补给不足,雨水是本区水资源的主要来源之一,雨水的多少往往对应着水资源的丰枯变化。根据1961—2005年河北省长系列降水资料,对全区雨水资源进行了时空分布、年内变化分析和多年变化分析。结果表明:河北省降水量呈逐年减少的趋势,且平原降水减少速率要远远高于山地。通过雨水资源量的分析得出在一定程度上降水的缺乏形成了河北省水资源的补给量不足,加剧了水资源紧张的状况。河北省传统水资源开发利用己达到极限,为了缓解水资源的供求矛盾,提出大力开发利用雨水资源是缓解本区水资源供求矛盾的有效途径。  相似文献   

数值模式中地形滤波处理及水平扩散对降雨预报的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王光辉  陈峰峰  沈学顺  胡江林 《地球物理学报》2008,51(6):1642-1650

为克服高分辨率模拟中,对于具有陡峭山峰及深谷的区域,存在不真实降雨场预报问题,本文引入数字滤波器及水平扩散方案分别对地形及计算噪音进行处理.滤波器由不同的一维高阶低通隐式正切滤波器耦合而成,能选择性地过滤由地形坡度所引起的不同尺度的噪音.水平扩散方案是将一个通量受地形限制的线性四阶单调水平扩散项加到预报方程,去控制由数值扩散、非线性不稳定及不连续物理过程等引起的小尺度噪音.试验结果表明：地形滤波处理及水平扩散方案能消除山区降雨预报量集中在山顶,而同时山谷和背风面又无雨的现象.因而,降雨分布更真实.  相似文献   

T213物理量场在强降水落区预报中的应用     

孙日丁郭魁英  王福州李忠亮 孙志广 《河南气象》2005,(4):21-22

蒙古低涡和东北冷涡是造成鹤壁市汛期强降水的主要影响天气系统.不同天气系统影响,鹤壁市的降水落区有明显差别.在T213物理量场上,强降水常出现在大值中心所包围的区域内.  相似文献