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21.
J. G. Wilson 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2002,55(6):953
The past 30 years have seen many advances in our understanding of estuarine productivity. Data are available for a variety of primary, secondary and tertiary producers, and empirical productivity models covering the gamut from bacteria to fisheries yield have been constructed. However, there is still a shortage of understanding as to the structuring and control of the systems. Evidence to date suggests that estuarine fisheries are being over-exploited with several species highly endangered. While aquaculture does offer the prospect of continuing growth, concerns are starting to be expressed over its immediate and long-term environmental impacts. 相似文献
22.
长江水中悬浮物含量与矿物和化学组成及其地质环境意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在2003～2007年间,在长江干流的25个水文站及主要支流的13个水文站系统采样,对悬浮物的含量及其矿物与化学组成系统地进行了测定。根据这些数据,对长江悬浮物的矿物和化学组成的时空变化及其地质与环境意义进行了系统研究。
本次所采样品中悬浮物含量平均值为256.5mg/L,在世界各大河中居于中等水平。悬浮物含量呈现大幅度的时空变化,与水流速度、径流量及泥沙供给情况的变化相对应,受河床坡度、降雨量、风化强度、侵蚀情况及人工活动等多种因素的影响。近年来,长江悬浮物含量逐渐下降,与上游的退耕还林和水库建设密切相关。特别是三峡水库工程引起泥沙在库区大量沉积,显著降低河水的悬浮物含量,导致其下游河段堤岸冲刷加剧,洞庭湖、鄱阳湖和长江口的沉积减少。这种变化带来的环境效应巨大,需要慎重评估和应对。
长江水中悬浮物主要由粘土矿物、碎屑硅酸盐矿物和碎屑碳硅酸盐矿物组成,并含有少量重矿物、氢氧化物和有机物。与黄河悬浮物矿物组成的对比研究表明长江流域的化学风化作用明显强于黄河流域,而物理侵蚀作用明显弱于黄河流域。由上游到下游,长江悬浮物中粘土和碎屑硅酸盐矿物逐渐增高,而碎屑碳硅酸盐逐步降低,与中下游地区气候变得湿热,化学风化变强的情况相对应。
与上地壳岩石平均值相比,长江悬浮物的SiO2、CaO、K2O 、Na2O含量较低,而TFe2O3含量较高,反映硅酸盐矿物化学风化过程中部分硅、钾、钠、钙的流失和铁的富集。与全球河流悬浮物和黄河悬浮物相比,长江悬浮物的SiO2、Na2O含量较低,反映长江流域的化学风化作用较强。与长江水系沉积物相比,长江悬浮物的SiO2、Na2O含量较低,而Al2O3、K2O 、MgO、TFe2O3较高,反映悬浮物比较富含粒度较小的粘土与铁质成分。从上游往下游,长江悬浮物中CaO、MgO含量逐渐降低,SiO2 含量逐步升高,与粘土矿物含量增高和碳酸盐含量降低的趋势相对应。
长江悬浮物中Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均高于上地壳岩石的平均含量,可能由这些元素在风化过程优先为粘土所吸附所引起。在攀枝花、宜宾、九江、大通、南京等站悬浮物中发现的铜、铅、锌的高含量,可能均与相关地段采矿活动有关。2005年7月在富顺和长沙发现Cd的高异常值引人注目。悬浮物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量较长江水系沉积物的平均含量高出数倍、乃至数十倍,可能反映近年来流域采矿活动加剧,其对流域环境的长远影响值得关注。
长江悬浮物的稀土总量与全球页岩的平均值相比略显偏高。长江悬浮物的REE分布形式于上地壳基本一致,表明长江流域出露的岩石的化学组成与上地壳岩石平均组成没有明显差别,而且岩石风化过程中稀土元素未出现明显分馏。 相似文献
23.
Properties of suspended sediment in the estuarine turbidity maximum of the highly turbid Humber Estuary system, UK 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Measurements are presented of the properties of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) of the upper Humber and Ouse estuaries during transient, relatively low freshwater inflow conditions of September 1995. Very high concentrations of near-bed SPM (more than 100 g l−1) were observed in the low-salinity (less than 1), upper reaches. SPM within the ETM consisted largely of fine sediment (silt and clay) that existed as microfloc and macrofloc aggregates and individual particles. Primary sediment particles were very fine grained, and typically, about 20–30% was clay-sized at high water. The clay mineralogy was dominated by chlorite and illite. There was a pronounced increase in particle size in the tidal river, up-estuary of the ETM. The mean specific surface area (SSA) of near-bed SPM within the ETM was 22 m2 g−1 on a spring tide and 24 m2 g−1 on a neap tide. A tidal cycle of measurements within a near-bed, high concentration SPM layer during a very small neap tide gave a mean SSA of 26 m2 g−1. The percentage of silt and clay in surficial bed sediments along the main channel of the estuary varied strongly. The relatively low silt and clay percentage of surficial bed sediments (about 10–35%) within the ETM’s region of highest near-bed SPM concentrations and their low SSA values were in marked contrast to the overlying SPM. The loss on ignition (LOI) of near-bed SPM in the turbid reaches of the estuary was about 10%, compared with about 12% for surface SPM and more than 40% in the very low turbidity waters up-estuary of the ETM. Settling velocities of Humber–Ouse SPM, sampled in situ and measured using a settling column, maximized at 1.5 mm s−1 and exhibited hindered settling at higher SPM concentrations. 相似文献
24.
Chen Shaohua Sun Mingguang This study is financially supported by National Science Foundation of China Postgraduate Zhongshan University Guangzhou Professor Zhongshan University Guangzhou 《中国海洋工程》1993,(4)
- In this paper, a six-order nonlinear dynamic model with three degrees of freedom is presented for the study of the "fishtail" motion of a Single Point Mooring System. The effect of parameter variations on the equilibrium state of the system is analized. In order to study the stability of the equilibrium state, the mooring-line length / is chosen as a bifurcation parameter, so that all eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix under different parameters can be worked out, and then the Hopf-bifurcation point can be found . Finally, the Hopf-bifurcation periodic solution of the system is computed. 相似文献
25.
闽浙沿岸海域溶解态铝的分布及其影响因素 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
闽浙沿岸海域是我国赤潮多发区之一,为研究浮游植物对铝的清除提供了良好的场所。于2007年5月和2008年5月对该区域溶解态铝的分布进行了调查分析,讨论了水团混合、悬浮颗粒物以及浮游植物水华对溶解态铝分布的影响,结果表明,溶解态铝的分布表现为近岸高、远岸低、表层浓度低于底层的特点,统计分析显示两年观测的结果无显著差异。影响溶解态铝分布的因素主要有水团混合和底沉积物的再悬浮,此外浮游植物水华对溶解态铝也具有一定的清除作用。 相似文献
26.
珠江口表层水体颗粒物中古菌四醚类脂物的分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
类异戊二烯甘油二烷基甘油四醚类化合物（isoGDGTs）是古菌微生物的特征脂类标志物,由这组化合物构造出的TEX86温标在海水古温度重建中得到了广泛应用。本文调查了珠江口及近岸海域（水深小于30 m）4个季节水体悬浮颗粒物（SPM）的isoGDGTs分布情况。结果显示:虎门上游河流水体中的isoGDGTs主要来自原地生产的甲烷古菌输入,进入河口水体后,主要来自原地奇古菌和广古菌的输入。陆源古菌的输入在5月份和8月份,对河流水体产生一定的影响,但对河口水体的影响相对较小。珠江口水体isoGDGTs中的GDGT-2与GDGT-3比值（GDGT-[2]/[3]）和GDGT-Cren'的丰度百分比（Cren'%）分别小于4和4%,与南海深水沉积物明显不同,表明珠江口与南海深水沉积物中isoGDGTs的古菌来源存在差异,这也可能是引起珠江口水体TEX86温度（基于全球标定公式）偏离水体实际温度的原因。珠江口表层水体isoGDGTs中的GDGT-2和GDGT-3的丰度百分比与南海表层水体存在差异,这可能与GroupⅠ奇古菌和GroupⅡ广古菌相对比例空间变化有关。珠江口表层水体isoGDGTs的TEX86温度在2月份明显高于原地表层水体温,而其他月份都低于原地表层水体温度,可能与Group Ⅰ奇古菌和Group Ⅱ广古菌相对比例的季节变化有关。几个月份中11月份isoGDGTs绝对含量最高,8月份较低,表明11月份和8月份分别是原地古菌生产量较大和较小时期。统计分析的结果显示,水体铵根离子含量、水体温度,以及溶解氧水平可能是控制珠江口水体isoGDGTs分布的主要环境因素。 相似文献
27.
为了探讨夏季不同性质悬浮体在研究区的分布特征及其控制因素,于2016年6—7月在北黄海使用LISST-100X(C)型激光粒度仪和CTD测量了悬浮体浓度和水体温度、浊度、荧光叶绿素浓度数据。结合现场水文数据对不同粒径悬浮体的分布规律进行分析。结果表明,夏季研究区悬浮体含有大量以生源颗粒为主的粗颗粒(128μm),其浓度在下层水体较低,在远岸层结水体的温跃层附近最高。粒径128μm的细颗粒浓度与浊度分布趋势一致,主要反映陆源无机颗粒的变化。其浓度整体呈近岸高远岸低、下层高上层低的分布特征;在成山头近岸海域最高,并且在鲁北沿岸浅水与远岸深水之间存在浓度锋。潮混合作用和温跃层是影响悬浮体浓度空间分布的主要控制因素。潮混合作用促使鲁北沿岸出现陆架温度锋,阻碍沿岸细颗粒物质向海输运;成山头近岸较强的潮混合作用导致当地沉积物再悬浮,使该区域细颗粒浓度最高。温跃层不仅阻碍了下层细颗粒物质向上扩散,还对上层沉降下来的颗粒有"累积"作用。此外,跃层附近丰富的浮游植物对粗颗粒浓度高值区的形成有促进作用。 相似文献
28.
Stewart Greenhalgh 《地震学报(英文版)》2009,(5):435-448
A novel hybrid approach for earthquake location is proposed which uses a combined coarse global search and fine local inversion with a minimum search routine,plus an examination of the root mean squares(RMS) error distribution.The method exploits the advantages of network ray tracing and robust formulation of the Fréchet derivatives to simultaneously update all possible initial source parameters around most local minima(including the global minimum) in the solution space,and finally to determine the likely global solution.Several synthetic examples involving a 3-D complex velocity model and a challenging source-receiver layout are used to demonstrate the capability of the newly-developed method.This new global-local hybrid solution technique not only incorporates the significant benefits of our recently published hypocenter determination procedure for multiple earthquake parameters,but also offers the attractive features of global optimal searching in the RMS travel time error distribution.Unlike the traditional global search method,for example,the Monte Carlo approach,where millions of tests have to be done to find the final global solution,the new method only conducts a matrix inversion type local search but does it multiple times simultaneously throughout the model volume to seek a global solution.The search is aided by inspection of the RMS error distribution.Benchmark tests against two popular approaches,the direct grid search method and the oct-tree important sampling method,indicate that the hybrid global-local inversion yields comparable location accuracy and is not sensitive to modest level of noise data,but more importantly it offers two-order of magnitude speed-up in computational effort.Such an improvement,combined with high accuracy,make it a promising hypocenter determination scheme in earthquake early warning,tsunami early warning,rapid hazard assessment and emergency response after strong earthquake occurrence. 相似文献
29.
In order to recognize lateral and seasonal variations in composition of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Odra Estuary, samples were taken at four sites in the period July 1996 - July 1997 monthly if possible. The contents of the elements Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P, C, S as well as Ba, Cr, Sr, V, Zn, Cu, Zr, and of the minerals illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite and others have been determined. The decreasing influence of the river Odra towards the open sea could be realized with the help of the contents of the minerals quartz, smectite, and of the elements Ba, Cr, K, P, Si and other. 60% of the seasonal and lateral variations can be explained by changing contents of total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), Al, Fe, Si, Ti, P, Mn, and Ba. They are mainly caused by differences in the production of organic matter, resuspension, riverine input, and redox-sensitive processes. 相似文献
30.
黄海夏季水域沉降颗粒物垂直通量的研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
20 0 2年 8月 ,沿穿过黄海冷水团的青岛至济州岛断面 ,在 4个站位放置沉积物捕获器采集沉降颗粒物。镜检发现无机颗粒物、生物粪球以及混杂聚合体是本断面沉降颗粒物主要类型。测定结果显示沉降颗粒物中的颗粒有机碳 (POC)、颗粒有机氮 (PON)、颗粒碳 (PC)、颗粒氮 (PN)和颗粒磷 (PP)的百分含量均呈现从表层到底层逐渐下降的趋势。采用两个改进的模型对底层颗粒物再悬浮比率进行了计算 ,显示黄海海域夏季底层沉降颗粒物再悬浮比率为 90 %— 96%,表明底层沉降颗粒物主要来源于沉积物的再悬浮。两模型所得结果一致 ,证明用温跃层底部颗粒物沉降通量代表水体中颗粒物净沉降通量的假设是合理的。水体中颗粒物、POC及PON的净沉降通量 (±SE)分别为 ( 1 2 65± 3 5 5 )g/(m2 ·d)、( 0 2 9± 0 0 4 )g/(m2 ·d)和( 0 0 6± 0 0 1 )g/(m2 ·d)。 相似文献