Crack Coalescence in Molded Gypsum and Carrara Marble: Part 2—Microscopic Observations and Interpretation   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  

L. N. Y. Wong  H. H. Einstein 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2009,42(3):513-545

Experimental uniaxial compression loading tests were conducted on molded gypsum and Carrara marble prismatic specimens to study the cracking and coalescence processes between pre-existing artificial flaws. The study showed that material had an influence on the cracking and coalescence processes (see the companion paper in this issue). As reported in the companion paper, one of the pronounced features as observed in the high-speed video recordings was the development of macroscopic white patches prior to the development of observable cracks in marble, but not in gypsum. This paper (part 2) deals with the microscopic aspects of the study. Specifically, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) imaging techniques were used to study the microscopic development of white patches and their evolution into macroscopic tensile cracks and shear cracks in marble, and the microscopic initiation of hair-line tensile cracks and their evolution into macroscopic tensile cracks in gypsum. The microscopic imaging study in marble showed that the white patches were associated with extensive microcracking zones (process zones), while the extent of process zone development in gypsum was limited. The comparison of the macroscopic and microscopic results indicates that the different extent of microcracking zone development, related to the material textural properties, is a key factor leading to different macroscopic cracking behavior in gypsum and marble.

H. H. EinsteinEmail:

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基于光谱吸收特征分析的彩绘文物颜料识别研究     

张陈峰  胡云岗  侯妙乐  吕书强  张学东 《地理信息世界》2017,24(3)

高光谱成像技术作为一种无损高效的检测方法,对于彩绘文物颜料的鉴别具有重要意义。由于全波段参与光谱相似度计算会造成数据的冗余,没有充分利用光谱的细微特征。为此,本文首先对文物颜料光谱吸收特征进行参量化分析,并通过改进的光谱吸收特征拟合算法与标准光谱进行匹配识别,从而得到识别结果。实验以获取的一幅波长为400~1000nm的古代壁画高光谱影像为例,通过光谱吸收特征分析识别出壁画的颜料主要成分有朱砂、赭粉、石绿和石青,4种颜料的光谱吸收特征拟合度分别是:0.95、0.77、0.92、0.81。实验结果表明:对光谱吸收特征分析可以帮助识别彩绘文物的颜料信息,该方法可为以后文物修复提供参考。  相似文献   

Dune deformation in a multi‐directional wind regime: White Sands Dune Field,New Mexico          下载免费PDF全文

Anine Pedersen  Gary Kocurek  David Mohrig  Virginia Smith 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(7):925-941

As with most dune fields, the White Sands Dune Field in New Mexico forms in a wind regime that is not unimodal. In this study, crescentic dune shape change (deformation) with migration at White Sands was explored in a time series of five LiDAR‐derived digital elevation models (DEMs) and compared to a record of wind direction and speed during the same period. For the study period of June 2007 to June 2010, 244 sand‐transporting wind events occurred and define a dominant wind mode from the SW and lesser modes from the NNW and SSE. Based upon difference maps and tracing of dune brinklines, overall dune behavior consists of crest‐normal migration to the NE, but also along‐crest migration of dune sinuosity and stoss superimposed dunes to the SE. The SW winds are transverse to dune orientations and cause most forward migration. The NNW winds cause along‐crest migration of dune sinuosity and stoss bedforms, as well as SE migration of NE‐trending dune terminations. The SSE winds cause ephemeral dune deformation, especially crestal slipface reversals. The dunes deform with migration because of differences in dune‐segment size, and differences in the lee‐face deposition rate as a function of the incidence angle between the wind direction and the local brinkline orientation. Each wind event deforms dune shape, this new shape then serves as the boundary condition for the next wind event. Shared incidence‐angle control on dune deformation and lee‐face stratification types allows for an idealized model for White Sands dunes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nickel effects on growth and antioxidative enzymes activities in desert plant Zygophyllum xanthoxylon （Bunge） Maxim     

Yan Lu  XinRong Li  MingZhu He  ZhengNing Wang  HuiJuan Tan 《寒旱区科学》2010,2(5):0436-0444

One-month old Zygophyllum xanthoxylon seedlings were grown under five different Ni concentrations (0, 50, 150, 450 and 900 mg/kg). Growth parameters, tissues Ni accumulation, soluble protein content, photosynthetic pigment content, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzyme activities, and proline content were studied after one month of Ni exposure. The significant reduction in fresh biomass in the shoot and roots was detected at high Ni concentrations (≥450 mg/kg), whereas dry biomass was not significantly affected in both organs by any of the Ni doses tested. The Ni contents in the shoots and roots increased in a dose-dependent manner, and Ni contents in roots were higher than that in shoots at all treatments. The high Ni doses elevated soluble protein contents in leaves and roots. No visible symptoms of chlorosis were observed in leaves of plants grown in presence of Ni. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents significantly increased in leaves and roots at high Ni treatments (≥450 mg/kg), indicating that Ni induces oxidative stress. Enzyme activities might play a central role in cellular protection against the Ni induced oxidative stress. Proline contents proportionally increased with the elevated Ni concentrations. Zygophyllum xanthoxylon revealed moderate Ni tolerance under tested culture conditions, and could be used as tools for revegetation for erosion control in moderate Ni contaminated sites.  相似文献   

脱水对生物结皮中齿肋赤藓光合色素含量和叶绿体结构的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

魏美丽  张元明 《中国沙漠》2010,30(6):1311-1318

通过脱水对生物结皮中齿肋赤藓叶绿体结构特征和光合色素含量的影响研究,结果表明,在脱水过程中,齿肋赤藓光合色素含量及叶绿体结构变化特征表现为4个阶段:①启动期,脱水0～2 h,光合色素含量与完全湿润时差异不显著(P>0.05),此时透射电镜下叶绿体中基粒片层结构和类囊体清晰,纵向排列,叶绿体双层膜系统保持完好;②快速增加期,脱水2～6 h内,光合色素含量快速升高,在脱水6 h 时达最大值,此时叶绿体结构发育最为充分,嗜锇颗粒数量最多且集中分布;③相对稳定期,脱水6～10 h,光合色素含量在达到最大值后,逐渐降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05),叶绿体结构依然完整;④缓慢衰退期,脱水10 h后,直至完全干燥,光合色素含量逐渐降低,完全干燥时叶绿体趋于解体。研究还表明,齿肋赤藓光合色素含量变化明显滞后于形态结构变化,其含量在完全湿润时并非最高,而在脱水6 h时(RWC为26.4%)达最大值,而后随含水量降低而降低,与种子植物光合色素含量随含水量降低不同,这可能与其内部结构修复有关,再水化后光合色素完全恢复,说明齿肋赤藓光合色素对水分的响应是可逆的。  相似文献   

Simulation of accelerograms from simplified deterministic approach for the 23rd October 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu,Japan earthquake     

A. Joshi  K. Mohan 《Journal of Seismology》2008,12(1):35-51

A simple hybrid approach for the simulation of strong ground motion is presented in this paper. This approach is based on the deterministic modelling of rupture plane initially started by Midorikawa, Tectonophysics 218:287–295, (1993) and further modified by Joshi, Pure Appl Geophys (PAGEOPH) 8:161, (2004). In this technique, the finite rupture plane of the target event is divided into several subfaults, which satisfy scaling relationship. In this paper, simulation of strong ground motion due to a rupture buried in a earth medium consisting of several layers of different velocities and thicknesses is made by considering (1) transmission of energy at each layer; (2) frequency filtering properties of medium and earthquake source; (3) correction factor for slip of large and small magnitude earthquakes and (4) site amplification ratio at various stations. To test the efficacy of the developed technique, strong motion records were simulated at different stations that have recorded the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu, Japan earthquake (M _s 7.0). Comparison is made between the simulated and observed velocity and acceleration records and their response spectra. Distribution of peak ground acceleration, velocity and displacement surrounding the rupture plane is prepared from simulated and observed records and are compared with each other. The comparison of synthetic with the observed records over wide range of frequencies shows that the present technique is effective to predict various strong motion parameters from simple deterministic model which is based on simple regression relations and modelling parameters.  相似文献   

Diseases leading to accelerated decline of reef corals in the largest South Atlantic reef complex (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil)     

Francini-Filho RB  Moura RL  Thompson FL  Reis RM  Kaufman L  Kikuchi RK  Leão ZM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(5):1008-1014

Although reef corals worldwide have sustained epizootics in recent years, no coral diseases have been observed in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean until now. Here we present an overview of the main types of diseases and their incidence in the largest and richest coral reefs in the South Atlantic (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil). Qualitative observations since the 1980s and regular monitoring since 2001 indicate that coral diseases intensified only recently (2005–2007). Based on estimates of disease prevalence and progression rate, as well as on the growth rate of a major reef-building coral species (the Brazilian-endemic Mussismilia braziliensis), we predict that eastern Brazilian reefs will suffer a massive coral cover decline in the next 50 years, and that M. braziliensis will be nearly extinct in less than a century if the current rate of mortality due to disease is not reversed.  相似文献   

大洋锰结核氨浸渣作为陶瓷原料的实验研究     

白志民  常有军  陈锦  文智慧  庞宁  范莹莹 《矿物岩石》2005,25(3):18-22

通过研究大洋锰结核经氨浸工艺提取Co,Ni,Cu等有价金属后的粉末状固体残渣（氨浸渣）对石英-长石-高岭土3组分陶瓷体系烧结行为及制品性能的影响发现：3组分体系中添加不超过10％的氨浸渣,在1140℃烧结90min,烧结体的抗折强度大于65．9MPa,吸水率小于0．128％．达到JC／T665-1997规定的要求。氨浸渣的助熔效果明显,添加5％～10％即可降低3组分陶瓷烧结温度40℃～80℃,添加量过多（超过10％）会增加熔体相含量．易引起坯体过烧,不利于坯体致密化和烧成工艺控制。添加氨浸渣,烧结体呈灰白色一黄褐色,且烧结体颜色随氨浸渣含量增加而变深。研究认为,氨浸渣可以作为石英-长石-高岭土3组分陶瓷的助熔剂和色料。  相似文献   

盐度、光强和温度对盐生杜氏藻生长的影响及其交互作用     

秦瑞阳  李永富  刘建国 《海洋科学》2021,45(11):73-81

为明确各环境因子对盐生杜氏藻生长的影响是否存在交互作用及其影响的程度,采用3因素2水平正交试验方法,以7天批次培养获得的比生长速率为评价指标,研究了盐度（A）、光照强度（B）、温度（C）及两因素交互作用A×B、A×C、B×C对细胞增殖速率的影响,并测定了各条件下光合放氧速率、呼吸耗氧速率、叶绿素荧光及色素含量等以阐释作用机制。结果表明：温度是影响藻细胞增殖的最显著因素,其次是盐度与光照,交互作用B×C、A×C对绿色盐藻细胞生长有一定作用,但影响程度不如单一因子。确定利于盐藻细胞增殖的最优条件为：温度30℃、盐度110、光照强度120 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,而利于类胡萝卜素积累的条件则需将盐度提升至160。温度、光照通过影响光合放氧速率,而盐度通过影响呼吸耗氧速率调控藻细胞生长。  相似文献   

太湖水体吸收分解(Ⅰ):悬浮颗粒与浮游植物色素的分离     

郝景燕  马荣华  段洪涛  张寿选 《湖泊科学》2010,22(3):337-348

以2008年10月太湖实测数据为基础,用改进的指数函数和线性法拟合非色素颗粒物吸收和浮游植物色素吸收,根据二者的加和关系,建立总悬浮颗粒物吸收分解模型,依据参量的不同,分别构建了两个分解模型(Mod-4和Mod-5),两者都可以较好的分解出太湖水体浮游植物色素吸收和非色素颗粒物吸收,但Mod-5的拟合精度稍高于Mod-4.研究结果对于进一步探索和建立太湖区域生物光学模型,精确反演水质参数具有一定意义.  相似文献