阿尔泰山“东山区”的古冰川作用与砂金矿     

乌尔坤  叶玮 《冰川冻土》1992,14(1):63-72

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Defining an abrasion index for lunar surface systems as a function of dust interaction modes and variable concentration zones     

Ryan L. Kobrick  David M. Klaus  Kenneth W. Street Jr. 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(14):1749-1757

Unexpected issues were encountered during the Apollo era of lunar exploration due to detrimental abrasion of materials upon exposure to the fine-grained, irregular shaped dust on the surface of the Moon. For critical design features involving contact with the lunar surface and for astronaut safety concerns, operational concepts and dust tolerance must be considered in the early phases of mission planning. To systematically define material selection criteria, dust interaction can be characterized by two-body or three-body abrasion testing, and sub-categorically by physical interactions of compression, rolling, sliding, and bending representing specific applications within the system. Two-body abrasion occurs when a single particle or asperity slides across a given surface removing or displacing material. Three-body abrasion occurs when multiple particles interact with a solid surface, or in between two surfaces, allowing the abrasives to freely rotate and interact with the material(s), leading to removal or displacement of mass. Different modes of interaction are described in this paper along with corresponding types of tests that can be utilized to evaluate each configuration. In addition to differential modes of abrasion, variable concentrations of dust in different zones can also be considered for a given system design and operational protocol. These zones include (1) outside the habitat where extensive dust exposure occurs, (2) in a transitional zone such as an airlock or suitport, and (3) inside the habitat or spacesuit with a low particle count. These zones can be used to help define dust interaction frequencies, and corresponding risks to the systems and/or crew can be addressed by appropriate mitigation strategies. An abrasion index is introduced that includes the level of risk, R, the hardness of the mineralogy, H, the severity of the abrasion mode, S, and the frequency of particle interactions, F.  相似文献   

镍基WC-金刚石复合镀层的制备和摩擦磨损特性研究     

牛明远  潘秉锁  方小红 《中国煤炭地质》2011,(5):57-59

本文选用碳化钨硬质颗粒作为增强材料与金刚石颗粒共同沉积到镍基金属中,以提高电镀金刚石钻头胎体的耐磨性。首先采用单因素实验分析方法,研究了复合电镀主要工艺参数对复合镀层中WC颗粒含量以及沉积速率的影响,然后经综合分析优化出最佳工艺参数,采用复合电镀工艺制作出镍基WC-金刚石复合镀层,并与镍基金刚石复合镀层的磨损特性进行了比较。结果表明：碳化钨硬质颗粒的引入,使得复合镀层的质量磨损量和摩擦系数减少,耐磨性提高。  相似文献   

A framework for predicting abrasion rupture of crusts in wind erosion     

Seyed Mohammad Fattahi  Abbas Soroush  Ning Huang  Jie Zhang  Sona Jodari Abbasi  Yang Yu 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(13):2565-2581

Crusts play a crucial role in the reduction or control of wind erosion. In this regard, the resilience and durability of crusts are of prime importance. Crusts have high resilience and durability against wind flow shear stresses; however, they are prone to abrasion induced by saltating particles. Therefore, estimating crust durability in abrasion rupture has practical importance. In this study, a cyanocrust and a biocemented sand crust were subjected to a controlled flux of saltating particles for different sandblasting periods to provide a framework for predicting crust rupture. The velocity and pre- and post-collision energy of the saltating particles were measured using high-speed photography. The changes in the strength of the crusts after different periods of sandblasting were determined using a scratch test. The results suggested that the average strength of the cyanocrust and biocemented sand crust became 0.25 and 0.7 of their corresponding initial values after 30 min of sandblasting. Also, the average stiffness of the cyanocrust and biocemented sand crust decreased to 0.5 and 0.9 of their initial values, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of impact energy absorbed by the crusts increased by the deterioration of the crusts. Compiling the results of the wind tunnel experiment and scratch tests yielded an exponential equation which can be used to estimate crust durability in a given condition of saltation. Based on this equation, the cyanocrust and biocemented sand crust will break down entirely after 23 and 449 min, respectively, at a wind velocity of 6.8 m/s and a saltation flux of 1 g/s/m.  相似文献   

Criteria for the identification of ventifacts in the geological record: A review and new insights   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Marc Durand  Sylvie Bourquin 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(3):111-125

Ventifacts (wind-worn stones) are typical of terrestrial environments remained very long without any vegetation, under hot or cold climates. Therefore, within the sedimentary record, they can allow recognizing desert conditions, even where no aeolian dune deposits are preserved. There seems that, in the recent literature, pebbles and cobbles from various palaeoenvironments were mistaken for ventifacts. This may partly be explained by the scatter and relative scarcity of illustrations to which refer. The aim of this paper is to help recognizing ventifacts in the sedimentary record, based on a critical review of the diagnostic properties generally used, and on new studies permitting to suggest additional criteria. After an evaluation of the sedimentary contexts favourable to preserving ventifacts, the distinctive characters that could be seen on each one are treated in order of increasing alteration of the original appearance: surface features, medium-scale features (new types of pit especially), and general shape. Finally, the problem of distinguishing between ventifacts and aquafacts is approached.  相似文献   

Purification and photodynamic bioactivity of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda     

Chuner Cai  Yuan Wang  Chunxia Li  Ziye Guo  Rui Jia  Weining Wu  Yan Hu  Peimin He 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2014,13(3):479-484

Phycoerythrin and phycocyanin were purified from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda with their bioactivity determined in this study. Continuous precipitation with ammonium sulfate at different concentrations （10%, 20%, 40%and 50%） increased the purity （A564：A280） of phycoerythrin to 1.49, 3.92 fold of the raw extract （0.38） and the purity （A615：A280） of phycocyanin to 0.70, 3.33 fold of the raw extract （0.21）. Two more times of chromatography with hydroxylapatites finally made the purity of phycoerythrin and phy-cocyanin reach 5.50, 14.47 fold of the raw extract, and 5.10, 24.29 fold of the raw extract, respectviely. The yield of high purity phycoerythrin and phycocyanin were 0.21%and 0.09%of dried P. yezoensis blade, respectively. The photodynamic cytotoxic ex-periment showed that both phycoerythrin and phycocyanin inhibited the growth of liver tumor cells significantly. It was found that 250 mg L-1 purified phycoerythrin and phycocyanin inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells 24 h after laser-irradiation by 80%and 59%, respectively, and 100 mg L-1 purified phycoerythrin and phycocyanin induced the apoptosis of 31.54%and 32.54%of the cells, respectively, 8 h after photodynamic therapy. Oue findings demonstrated that P. yezoensis can serve as photosensitizer （phycoerythrin and phycocyanin） producer.  相似文献   

Post‐depositional bone destruction in cave sediments: a micromorphological study of the MIS 5a–d cave bear strata of Biśnik Cave,Poland     

Magdalena Krajcarz  Maciej T. Krajcarz 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(2):138-152

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河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其影响因素     

马字发  张会平  马元旭  赵旭东 《地质学报》2022,96(10):3658-3673

河流系统是研究构造、气候和生态系统的重要载体，也是地貌学的重要研究内容之一。河流系统中河道沉积物运移深刻影响着地貌演化的进程，而沉积物粒度的沿程变化特征与趋势则可以揭示有关泥沙动力学的重要信息。目前，关于河道沉积物粒度存在沿程变化现象已有大量研究，但河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的具体机制尚存争议。此外，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的主要控制因素及其对河床演变的影响也尚未明确。本文总结了全球河流河道沉积物粒度沿程变化及其不确定因素的分布状况，并调查了磨蚀、水力选择性搬运及综合作用对沉积物粒度沿程细化的影响。结果表明，在沿程细化机制研究中，磨蚀作用过程的探析相对较少。磨蚀由研究区岩性决定，并且非耐磨性岩性颗粒会产生强烈的质量损耗。虽然磨蚀对河道沉积物沿程细化的影响有限，但在河道上游以劈裂和切削方式引起的磨蚀过程不能忽视。相较于磨蚀，水力选择性搬运或分选过程受到广泛关注，说明水力分选在自然界河流沉积物粒度沿程细化过程中发挥着重要作用。此外，也有部分研究探讨了河道沉积物粒度沿程变化的综合影响因素，并且发现由于有些因素干扰河床沉积物在沿程方向也会存在粗化现象。粗化一般发生在山区坡度较陡、河流源头崩积河段，而引起粗化的因素主要有支流的汇入、沉积物横向输入、高能泥石流以及冰川作用补给、人为河道改造和大坝修建等。现有的研究表明河道沉积物粒度沿程变化是一个复杂的过程，其变化特征受多时空因素的影响，河道沉积物粒度沿程变化特征及其与外界因素的关系有待进一步研究。因此，在后续的工作中，仍需要利用大量室内室外调查和分析，揭示不同时空尺度河道沉积物侵蚀搬运过程，深化对河流地貌演化及其驱动机制方面的研究。  相似文献   

层序地层学研究进展   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

许效松 《沉积与特提斯地质》1994,(1)

近代沉积地质学研究的对象和目的早已超越了沉积岩石学、相分析和沉积环境演替的经典研究，而是把发生沉积作用的堆积场所──盆地．放在全球沉积地壳演化的时空坐标上，通过正负沉积记录寻求有成因联系的沉积和构造综合体在地质历史中各种事件的铸记，恢复它在全球古板块和古地理的位置．进而探索沉积地壳演化和地球起源的证据。在科学技术高速发展的今天．地学领域也具有明显的时代特征：一是地质学中各学科的专业化、计算机化和定量化；另一特征则是多学科的渗透化。其中层序地层学研究在近代地学领域中具有里程碑意义的重大进展是追踪对比全球沉积记录和全球古地理再造的重要研究途径。  相似文献   

The micro-erosion meter: Use and limitations     

A. P. Spate  J. N. Jennings  D. I. Smith  M. A. Greenaway 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1985,10(5):427-440

Detection of anomalies in measurements of low rates of limestone surface lowering with a traversing micro-erosion meter (MEM) led to temperature-controlled laboratory and field investigations of some sources of error in the method. Regressions for the correction of temperature change in the instrument and in the stud-rock interface were obtained. Probe erosion tests permitted a correction to be devised and also provided information whereby a measure of operational irregularity was adopted. Corrections and error terms were applied to field measurements from two southern New South Wales karsts and a collection of Australian limestone slabs exposed at one site. Examination of these results and of published MEM rates from other parts of the world validated the MEM method. Marine platforms are lowered at such gross rates that these error sources may be neglected there. However limestone lowering in terrestrial environments cannot be assumed to proceed at rates which permit this and recommendations are made about procedures to ensure that investigations are prosecuted within the limitations of the method.  相似文献