化学腐蚀下砂岩三轴细观损伤机理及损伤变量分析   总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10  

陈四利  冯夏庭  周辉 《岩土力学》2004,25(9):1363-1367

利用CT识别技术对化学腐蚀下的砂岩进行了三轴加载全过程的即时扫描试验，得到了在不同级荷载作用下砂岩的压密、微裂纹萌生、扩展和破裂的CT图像和CT数，分析了砂岩损伤演化的细观机理。同时，建立了一个基于化学腐蚀影响和CT数的损伤变量模型。  相似文献   

河流调整中的熵、熵产生和能耗率的变化   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

徐国宾  练继建 《水科学进展》2004,15(1):1-5

河流是一个真正的开放系统,而不是孤立系统或封闭系统。运用经典热力学和非平衡态热力学基本原理,分析研究了河流调整中的熵、熵产生和能耗率的变化。指出:熵和熵产生是两个不同的概念;最小熵产生原理等价于最小能耗率原理;冲积河流在调整过程中遵循最小熵产生原理或最小能耗率原理,而不是最大熵原理。  相似文献   

热液中铅、锌、银共生分异的热力学探讨   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

尚林波  樊文苓  胡瑞忠  邓海琳 《矿物学报》2004,24(1):81-86

通过元素基本性质的对比以及热力学计算分析，探讨了热液中银、铅、锌的共生分异机制。在酸性至近中性条件下，氯配合物是它们在热液中的存在形式，其中锌氯配合物最稳定；在近中性到碱性条件下，硫氢配合物占主导地位，此时，银硫氢配合物相对最稳定。温度下降、[Cr]降低、pH升高及f(O2)降低，引起银、铅、锌配合物溶解度减小，发生沉淀分离；对于硫氢配合物，其稳定性主要受pH及还原硫浓度的影响。因此，配合物的不同存在形式以及配合物稳定性之间的差异，使得它们对热液条件的改变做出不同的响应，从而导致了热液中银、铅、锌在成矿过程中的共生分异。  相似文献   

磷对金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿性能的影响     

刘晓阳  史晓亮  段隆臣  汤凤林 《煤田地质与勘探》2004,32(4):62-64

在金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿基体中添加不同量红磷，可降低复合齿烧结温度，实现低温活化烧结。研究表明：添加0．3％(ωB)P的复合齿基体性能最好，采用化学镀Ni-P合金添加P和球磨添加0．1％P的方式，复合齿超硬部分的磨耗比和复合齿的抗冲击功优于单纯通过球磨添加0．3％P的超硬复合齿。为了实现金刚石增强型硬质合金复合齿的低温活化烧结，磷元素最优的添加方式是化学镀结合球磨的添加方式。  相似文献   

The Solubility of Sulphur in Hydrous Rhyolitic Melts   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

CLEMENTE  BEATRICE; SCAILLET  BRUNO; PICHAVANT  MICHEL 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(11):2171-2196

Experiments performed at 2 kbar, in the temperature range 800–1000°C,with fO₂ between NNO–2·3 and NNO+2·9 (whereNNO is the nickel–nickel oxide buffer), and varying amountsof sulphur added to hydrous metaluminous rhyolite bulk compositions,were used to constrain the solubility of sulphur in rhyolitemelts. The results show that fS₂ exerts a dominant control onthe sulphur solubility in hydrous silicate melts and that, dependingon fO₂, a rhyolitic melt can reach sulphur contents close to1000 ppm at high fS₂. At fO₂ below NNO+1, the addition of ironto a sulphur-bearing rhyolite magma produces massive crystallizationof pyrrhotite and does not enhance the sulphur solubility ofthe melt. For a given fO₂, the melt-sulphur-content increaseswith fS₂. For fixed fO₂ and fS₂, temperature exerts a positivecontrol on sulphur solubilities, at least for fO₂ below NNO+1.The mole fraction of dissolved sulphur exhibits essentiallylinear dependence on fH₂S at low fO₂ and, although the experimentalevidence is less clear, on fSO₂ at high fO₂. The minimum insulphur solubility corresponds to the redox range where bothfH₂S and fSO₂ are approximately equal. A thermodynamic modelof sulphur solubility in hydrous rhyolite melts is derived assumingthat total dissolved sulphur results from the additive effectsof H₂S and SO₂ dissolution reactions. The model reproduces wellthe minimum of sulphur solubility at around NNO+1, in additionto the variation of the sulphide to sulphate ratio with fO₂.A simple empirical model of sulphur solubility in rhyoliticmelts is derived, and shows good correspondence between modeland observations for high-silica rhyolites. KEY WORDS: sulphur; solubility; rhyolite; thermodynamics; fO₂; fS₂  相似文献   

Mantle Xenoliths from the Southeastern Slave Craton: Evidence for Chemical Zonation in a Thick, Cold Lithosphere   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

KOPYLOVA  M. G.; CARO  G. 《Journal of Petrology》2004,45(5):1045-1067

We present the first data on the petrology of the mantle lithosphereof the Southeastern (SE) Slave craton, Canada. These are basedon petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical studies of mantlexenoliths in Pipe 5034 of the Cambrian Gahcho Kué kimberlitecluster. Major types of mantle xenoliths include altered eclogite,coarse garnet or spinel peridotite, and deformed garnet peridotite.The peridotites belong to the low-temperature suite and formedat T=600–1300°C and P= 25–80 kbar in a thick(at least 220–250 km), cool lithosphere. The SE Slavemantle is cooler than the mantle of other Archaean cratons andthat below other terranes of the Slave craton. The thick lithosphereand the relatively cool thermal regime provide favourable conditionsfor formation and preservation of diamonds beneath the SE Slaveterrane. Similar to average Archaean mantle worldwide, the SESlave peridotite is depleted in magmaphile major elements andcontains olivine with forsterite content of 91–93·5.With respect to olivine composition and mode, all terranes ofthe Slave mantle show broadly similar compositions and are relativelyorthopyroxene-poor compared with those of the Kaapvaal and Siberiancratons. The SE Slave spinel peridotite is poorer in Al, Caand Fe, and richer in Mg than deeper garnet peridotite. Thegreater chemical depletion of the shallow upper mantle is typicalof all terranes of the Slave craton and may be common for thesubcontinental lithospheric peridotitic mantle in general. Peridotiticxenoliths of the SE Slave craton were impregnated by kimberliticfluids that caused late-stage recrystallization of primary clinopyroxene,spinel, olivine and spinel-facies orthopyroxene, and formationof interstitial clinopyroxene. This kimberlite-related recrystallizationdepleted primary pyroxenes and spinel in Al. The kimberliticfluid was oxidizing, Ti-, Fe- and K-rich, and Na-poor, and introducedserpentine, chlorite, phlogopite and spinel into peridotitesat P < 35 kbar. KEY WORDS: kimberlite xenolith; lithosphere; mantle terrane; chemical zoning; thermobarometry; Slave craton  相似文献   

Chemical forms of heavy metal contaminants in sediments of Miyun reservoir     

LIU Xiaoduan  XU Qing  GE Xiaoli  LIU Liu  WU Dianwei 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z2)

The chemical forms, spatial distribution and sources of As, Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn in sediments of the Miyun reservoir were studied. The results of sequential extraction demonstrate that most of As, Pb and Zn were bound to the residual fraction, Hg was associated with the sulfide fraction while Cd was associated with the carbonate fraction and the residual fraction. On the vertical profiles the concentrations of the heavy metals in total and each fractions mostly decreased with increasing depths in sediments, suggesting that the heavy metals input from the upstream watershed increases yearly. Summation of the residual fraction, the sulfide fraction and the carbonate fraction accounts for 60.03%―85.60% of the total heavy metal contents in the sediments, which represent the geochemical background values of the elements and relate closely to soil erosion. Results of the main factor analysis show that most sediments of the reservoir come from the upstream soil erosion, the point source pollution and domestic waste. Moreover, the microbial activities taking place on the sediment-water interface are also one of the major factors to cause the increasing content of the organic matter fraction and the iron-manganese oxide fraction. Environmental change of the reservoir water could make the removability of the heavy metals increase, leading to the increase of their concentrations in pore water in sediments, and imperiling water quality of the reservoir.  相似文献   

The mechanisms of paragenesis and separation of silver, lead and zinc in hydrothermal solutions     

尚林波胡瑞忠  樊文苓 《中国地球化学学报》2005,24(1):82-89

On the basis of an experimental study and thermodynamic calculation, the mechanisms of paragenesis and separation of silver, lead and zinc in the hydrothermal system have been studied. At acidic to nearly neutral pH, their chloride complexes are stable, and among them the chloride complexes of zinc are most stable. And the sulfide complexes are the dominant species at nearly neutral to alkaline pH,while the sulfide complexes of silver are most stable. With decreasing temperature, [ Cl^-] ,fO2, and increasing pH, the solubilities of silver, lead and zinc will decrease, leading to their deposition and separation. For sulfide complexes, the concentrations of reduced sulfur and pH are two important factors affecting their stabilities. Complexes of different forms and stabilities respond to the variation of conditions to different extents, which gave rise to the paragenesis and separation of silver, lead and zinc in the whole ore-forming process of dissolution, transport and deposition.  相似文献   

An invariance in the carbazoles of petroleum     

张春明赵红静  胡伯良 《中国地球化学学报》2005,24(3):253-256

A remarkable invariance in the ratio of 1,3-dimethylcarbazole （DMC） to 1,6-DMC was discovered in crude oils from the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. The remarkably invariant ratio is kept at a constant of about unity regardless of their concentrations, sources or maturities for the sampies. In combination with the molecular structures of 1,3- and 1,6-DMCs, the invariance might indicate that the nitrogen compounds share a common precursor with a skeleton of 1-methylcarbazole and are formed through methylation at C3 and C6 with an essentially identical rate.  相似文献   

Laser Ablation ICP-MS Developments and Trends for 2003     

Paul J. Sylvester 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2005,29(1):41-52

This annual review of laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) covers the year 2003. Significant advances were made in understanding laser-sample interactions. In particular, research defined the distribution of particle sizes produced by the interplay of laser wavelength, laser pulse width and the gas environment of ablation. A link between particle sizes and elemental and isotopic fractionation at both the ablation site and in the ICP was established. Experimental 15 7 nm and femtosecond laser systems were tested with promising results. The number of applications of LA-ICP-MS in geology and environmental Earth science continued to grow with particular interest in element concentration and isotope ratio profiling of materials, linking composition to time scales. In situ isotopic ratio measurements were increasingly made using multicollector magnetic sector ICP-MS instruments. Other applications of wide interest included bulk sampling of rocks and ores prepared as lithium borate glasses; low level analysis of platinum-group elements, rhenium and gold in sulfides, metal and silicates; in situ uranium-lead zircon geochronology; and melt and fluid inclusion analysis.  相似文献