秦岭造山带基本组成与结构及其构造演化   总被引：51，自引：7，他引：51  

张国伟  董云鹏  姚安平 《陕西地质》1997,(2)

秦岭造山带主要由三大套构造岩石地层单元组成，经历了三个主要演化阶段：1．前寒武纪古老基底形成演化阶段，2．主造山期（Pt3—T2）板块构造演化阶段，3．中新生代陆内构造演化阶段。在早中元古代以扩张构造体制占主导，形成裂谷与小洋盆兼杂并存的基本构造格局，经10—8亿年晋宁期从扩张垂向加积增生构造体制为主向以侧向增生为主的板块构造体制的过渡，于晚元古代中晚期开始进入板块构造演化阶段。在晚古生代早期由于东古特提斯洋的形成，扬子板块北缘沿秦岭南部扩张打开，形成华北板块、扬子板块及其间的秦岭微板块，沿商丹和勉略二缝合带自南向北俯冲消减碰撞，于中三叠世最后全面陆陆碰撞造山，而后又发生了强烈陆内造山作用，终成今日之秦岭山脉面貌。现今的秦岭造山带岩石圈结构是一正在调整演化中的具流变学分层的“立交桥式”三维结构，上部地壳呈多层逆冲推覆迭置的不对称扇形几何学模式，岩石圈中部则是成水平状流变层，而深部地幔则是最新调整的近南北向的地球物理异常状态与结构，形成从下到上构造方向近乎正交的圈层非耦合关系。  相似文献   

The effects of the spinel—garnet phase transition on the formation of rifted sedimentary basins     

Tadashi Yamasaki  Masao Nakada 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,130(3):681-692

We have examined the effects of the spinel-garnet phase transition on subsidence of extensional sedimentary basins. For a constant positive Clapeyron slope ( dP/dT ), the phase boundary moves downwards in the syn-rift and upwards in the post-rift phase. For a non-linear Clapeyron curve ( dP/dT > 0 above 900°C and dP/dT < 0 below 900°C), theory predicts for the reaction of the spinel-garnet phase transition, the direction of phase boundary movement is dependent on the stretching factor, the position of the Clapeyron curve and the lithospheric thickness. A smaller syn-rift and larger post-rift subsidence are predicted for a deeper phase boundary and a thicker lithosphere. The model with a non-linear Clapeyron curve is applied to the subsidence histories of a young extensional basin (Gulf of Lion) and an old continental margin (eastern Canada). The observed syn-rift uplift and the larger post-rift subsidence can be reasonably explained by this model, where the optimum depth of the phase boundary for eastern Canada (˜90 km) is consistent with the estimate from seismic observations and is larger than that for the Gulf of Lion (˜ 50 km). The depth of the spinel-garnet phase boundary is sensitive to the composition of mantle rocks and increases with the extraction of basaltic components from the lithosphere, compatible with our result that the phase boundary is deeper for an older and thicker lithosphere. Thus the surface movement associated with the rifting for these areas may reflect the chemical evolution of the continental lithosphere.  相似文献   

The Zihuatanejo, Mexico, earthquake of 1994 December 10 (M= 6.6): source characteristics and tectonic implications     

M. Cocco  J. Pacheco  S. K. Singh  F. Courboulex 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,131(1):135-145

An analysis of the Zihuatanejo, Mexico, earthquake of 1994 December 10 ( M = 6.6), based on teleseismic and near-source data, shows that it was a normal-faulting, intermediate-depth ( H = 50 ± 5 km) event. It was located about 30 km inland, within the subducted Cocos plate. The preferred fault plane has an azimuth of 130°, a dip of 79° and a rake of −86°. The rupture consisted of two subevents which were separated in time by about 2 s, with the second subevent occurring downdip of the first. The measured stress drop was relatively high, requiring a Δσ of about a kilobar to explain the high-frequency level of the near-source spectra. A rough estimate of the thickness of the seismogenic part of the oceanic lithosphere below Zihuatanejo, based on the depth and the rupture extent of this event, is 40 km.
This event and the Oaxaca earthquake of 1931 January 15 ( M = 7.8) are the two significant normal-faulting, intermediate-depth shocks whose epicentres are closest to the coast. Both of these earthquakes were preceded by several large to great shallow, low-angle thrust earthquakes, occurring updip. The observations in other subduction zones show just the opposite: normal-faulting events precede, not succeed, updip, thrust shocks. Indeed, the thrust events, soon after their occurrence, are expected to cause compression in the slab, thus inhibiting the occurrence of normal-faulting events. To explain the occurrence of the Zihuatanejo earthquake, we note that the Cocos plate, after an initial shallow-angle subduction, unbends and becomes subhorizontal. In the region of the unbending, the bottom of the slab is in horizontal extension. We speculate that the large updip seismic slip during shallow, low-angle thrust events increases the buckling of the slab, resulting in an incremental tensional stress at the bottom of the slab and causing normal-faulting earthquakes. This explanation may also hold for the 1931 Oaxaca event.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath Costa Rica from a teleseismic tomography study     

D. Colombo  G. B. Cimini  R. de  Franco 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,131(2):189-208

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Deformation of subducted oceanic lithosphere   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Gregory A. Houseman  David Gubbins 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,131(3):535-551

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Inelastic models of lithospheric stress-11. Implications for outer-rise seismicity and dynamics     

Steve Mueller  William Spence  George L. Choy 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(1):54-72

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Ccte d'Ivoire-Ghana margin: seismic imaging of passive rifted crust adjacent to a transform continental margin     

C. Peirce  R. B. Whitmarsh  R. A. Scrutton  B. Pontoise  F. Sage  J. Mascle 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,125(3):781-795

During May 1990 and January-February 1991, an extensive geophysical data set was collected over the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana continental margin, located along the equatorial coast of West Africa. The Ghana margin is a transform continental margin running subparallel to the Romanche Fracture Zone and its associated marginal ridge—the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Ridge. From this data set, an explosive refraction line running ∼ 150 km, ENE-WSW between 3°55'N, 3°21'W and 4°23'N, 2°4'W, has been modelled together with wide-angle airgun profiles, and seismic reflection and gravity data. This study is centred on the Côte d'Ivoire Basin located just to the north of the Côte d'Ivoire-Ghana Ridge, where bathymetric data suggest that a component of normal rifting occurred, rather than the transform motion observed along the majority of the equatorial West African margin.
Traveltime and amplitude modelling of the ocean-bottom seismometer data shows that the continental Moho beneath the margin rises in an oceanward direction, from ∼ 24 km below sea level to ∼ 17 km. In the centre of the line where the crust thins most rapidly, there exists a region of anomalously high velocity at the base of the crust, reaching some 8 km in thickness. This higher-velocity region is thought to represent an area of localized underplating related to rifting. Modelling of marine gravity data, collected coincident with the seismic line, has been used to test the best-fitting seismic model. This modelling has shown that the observed free-air anomaly is dominated by the effects of crustal thickness, and that a region of higher density is required at the base of the crust to fit the observed data. This higher-density region is consistent in size and location with the high velocities required to fit the seismic data.  相似文献   

The S reflector west of Galicia: the seismic signature of a detachment fault     

T. J. Reston 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,127(1):230-244

The so-called S reflector is a group of bright, continuous reflections underlying the landward-tilted fault blocks of the west Galicia rifted margin, S has been interpreted as the brittle-ductile transition, the lop of an intrusion, a detachment fault, and the crust-mantle boundary. To constrain the internal structure of the reflector, we have carried out detailed analyses of these reflections. We compare the waveforms of the seafloor reflection and its first multiple, both to determine the amplitude of the seafloor reflection and to show (hat the seafloor is in effect a spike in the reflectivity series so that the seafloor reflection can be used as the far-field wavelet, including both source and receiver ghosts. We compare (he waveform of the seafloor and 5 and show that, within the resolution of our data, S is a reflection from a step increase in acoustic impedance. This result is confirmed through complex trace analysis, and in particular the determination of the apparent polarity of S, and the examination of the instantaneous frequency function: S is consistently positive polarity, and shows no significant frequency anomaly. Simple modelling shows that S is very unlikely to be a reflection from a thin layer. We thus conclude that S is probably a single steplike interface. From the varying frequency content of the data, we determine a value for the effective Q between S and the seafloor, and use this to assess the amplitude loss due to attenuation and scattering. We use a comparison between the seafloor and the S reflection to constrain the amplitude of S, and estimate a reflection coefficient for S of at least 0.2 in places, decreasing landwards. By analogy with structures developed in the highly extended regions of the western United States, we consider that the most likely interpretation of S is as a sharp west-dipping detachment fault separating a 'granitic' upper plate from a higher-velocity lower plate, locally probably serpentinized mantle.  相似文献   

Gaussian curvature and the relationship between the shape and the deformation of the Tonga slab     

Sarah Nothard  Dan McKenzie  John Haines  James Jackson 《Geophysical Journal International》1996,127(2):311-327

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南天山蛇绿混杂岩和中天山南缘糜棱岩的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄及其大地构造意义   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8       下载免费PDF全文

蔡东升  卢华复  贾东  吴世敏  陈楚铭 《地质科学》1996,(4):384

 ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar同位素年龄测定,获得南天山蛇绿混杂岩基质黑云母石英片岩单矿物黑云母的两个坪年龄分别为(370.0±4.8)Ma和(259.0±3.3)Ma;中天山南缘长英质糜棱岩单矿物黑云母的坪年龄为(250.5±7.9)Ma,二云母花岗岩单矿物白云母的坪年龄为(348.9±0.3)Ma。结合南天山古生代沉积特征和塔里木及伊犁-哈萨克斯坦板块古地磁数据的综合分析,提出南天山晚泥盆世至石炭纪早期完成向伊犁-哈萨克斯坦板块的B型俯冲,中-晚二叠世进行陆内A型俯冲造山的板块碰撞演化模式。  相似文献