Subglacial emplacement of tills and meltwater deposits at the base of overdeepened bedrock troughs          下载免费PDF全文

Marius W. Buechi  Stephan M. Frank  Hans Rudolf Graf  John Menzies  Flavio S. Anselmetti 《Sedimentology》2017,64(3):658-685

The sedimentary infills of subglacially eroded bedrock troughs in the Alps are underexplored archives for the timing, extent and character of Pleistocene glaciations but may contain excellent records of the Quaternary landscape evolution over several glacial–interglacial cycles. The onset of sedimentation in these bedrock troughs is often reflected by diamicts and gravels directly overlying bedrock in the deepest basin segments. Subglacial or proglacial depositional environments have been proposed for these coarse‐grained basal units but their characteristics and origin remain controversial. This article presents results from drill cores that recovered a coarse‐grained basal unit in a major buried bedrock‐trough system in the Lower Glatt Valley, northern Switzerland. The excellent core recovery allowed a detailed study combining macroscopic, microscopic and geochemical methods and gives unprecedented insights into the transition from erosion to deposition in overdeepened bedrock troughs. These results show that the basal infill comprises diamicts, interpreted as subglacial tills, separated by thin sorted interbeds, originating from subglacial cavity deposition. The stacking of these units is interpreted to represent repeated switching between a coupled and decoupled ice–bed‐interface indicating an ever‐transforming mosaic of subglacial bed conditions. Decoupling in response to high basal water pressures is probably promoted by the confined subglacial hydraulic conditions resulting from the bedrock acting as aquitards, the narrow reverse sloping outlet and a large catchment area. While stratigraphic and lithological evidence suggests that erosion and the onset of basal sedimentation occurred during the same glaciation, different scenarios for the relative timing of infilling in relation to formation and glaciation of the bedrock trough are discussed. Overlying deltaic and glaciolacustrine sediments suggest deposition during subsequent deglaciation of the bedrock trough. The basal sediment characteristics are in agreement with previous reports in hydrogeological and seismic exploration and suggest the occurrence of similar basal successions in other subglacially overdeepened basins in the Alps and elsewhere.  相似文献   

康定杂岩成因和构造意义——来自Hf同位素的证据          下载免费PDF全文

康欢  李大鹏  陈岳龙  胡国强  邓伟兵 《中国地质》2017,44(6):1175-1189

康定杂岩位于扬子地块西缘,通过对四川康定—冕宁—攀枝花—云南元谋地区出露的康定杂岩中基性、中性、酸性岩岩石学、锆石Lu-Hf同位素等多方面系统研究,确定这套岩石形成于岛弧环境。分析表明:康定杂岩中镁铁质侵入体锆石εHf(t)变化范围-4.2~+11.0,Hf模式年龄742~2386 Ma;长英质侵入体锆石εHf(t)变化范围-4.9~+9.4,Hf模式年龄为967~2707 Ma;暗示康定杂岩体复杂的构造成因。锆石Hf同位素分析表明其岩浆锆石具有与扬子地块西缘同时代镁铁质/长英质侵入体相似的Hf同位素组成,暗示其相似的岩浆起源。研究表明,康定杂岩为大洋俯冲背景下的产物,镁铁质侵入体来源于较为亏损地幔源区,长英质侵入体为新生陆壳与古老地壳物质相互作用形成的产物。锆石Hf同位素数据表明,康定侵入体杂岩中锆石Hf-全岩Nd解耦,为"锆石效应"与少量地壳物质加入共同作用结果。结合岩石学、地层学、构造及地球化学证据综合表明,新元古代时期,扬子地块可能位于Gondwana超大陆的边缘,而不是澳大利亚与北美Laurentia古陆之间的连接部分。  相似文献   

川东褶皱带构造发育深度层次与变形样式   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

徐汀滢  季建清  涂继耀  刘志成 《地质科学》2012,(3):788-807

地壳上层的结构特征和变形样式在垂直方向上的变化远远大于其在水平维度上的分异。川东褶皱带自晚古生代以来地史演化统一、地层展布稳定,之后新生代盆、山演化分异幅度较大,使得不同深度的地层和基底得以出露,不同地壳深度层次的构造样式得以展示,这为研究应力的垂向分异,提供了很好的条件。本文基于地壳垂直方向上变形几何的不守恒、构造脱耦以及构造层次的概念,通过野外构造现象的详细解析、野外脆性破裂产状统计、断裂之间交切关系以及活动性质观察等综合分析,结合遥感图像研究,对川东褶皱区隔挡式褶皱和隔槽式褶皱形成提出了新的解释模型。以华蓥山与齐岳山为界,川东褶皱带被分为3个呈叠置关系的区域。研究表明华蓥山以西(Ⅰ区)没有发生强烈的构造变形,变形深度最小(<2 km); 华蓥山与齐岳山之间(Ⅱ区)构造样式为在北北东向剪切作用下形成的陡立构造面理,变形深度为2～5 km; 而齐岳山以东(Ⅲ区)的构造样式是发育轴向北东的宽缓褶曲,变形深度为4～6.6 km。研究分析后得出,川东褶皱带在晚古生代以来,没有经历过大幅度的地壳垂向运动和明显的旋转运动,而白垩纪以后,发育了早期北北东向和晚期北东向的两期构造变形。Ⅱ、Ⅲ两区的构造样式发育于同一应力场(北西-南东主应力场),而晚期北东向断裂活动是形成上述3个区域呈现出断块并置的原因。另外,由于后期不同断块抬升和剥露的差异,使3个区域迥异的构造样式呈现在地表。这一认识对研究油气相关的构造圈闭、固体多金属矿产相关的矿床深度问题以及大地构造学等问题都有创新意义。  相似文献   

Enriched finite element procedures for analyzing decoupled bolts installed in rock mass   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Debasis Deb  Kamal C. Das 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(15):1636-1655

Numerical procedures are developed to analyze interaction between fully grouted bolts and rock mass using ‘enriched finite element method (EFEM)’. A solid element intersected by a rock bolt along any arbitrary direction is termed as ‘enriched’ element. The nodes of an enriched element have additional degrees of freedom for determining displacements, stresses developed in the bolt rod. The stiffness of the enriched element is formulated based on properties of rock mass, bolt rod and grout, orientation of the bolt and borehole diameter. Decoupling at grout–bolt interface and elasto‐plastic behavior of rock mass have also been incorporated into the EFEM procedures. The results of this method are compared with analytical pull‐out test results presented by Li and Stillborg (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 1999; 36 :1013–1029). In addition, a numerical example of a bolted tunnel is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for practical applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于脱钩模型的煤炭城市可持续发展动态分析——以徐州市为例   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

仇方道  沈正平  张敬  佟连军 《地域研究与开发》2011,30(3):67-72

促进经济与环境协调是煤炭城市可持续发展的关键和核心。采用物质流分析、脱钩分析和分解分析等方法,深入分析了1995—2007年徐州市经济增长与资源环境之间的脱钩类型、可持续状态及驱动因素。结果表明:研究期内徐州市DMI和DPO的年均增长率分别为2.74%和0.91%,而GDP年均增长率为12.62%,二者之间呈较为明显的正相关关系,而物质代谢效率的提升又使其发展方式呈现向资源节约型、环境友好型发展模式转型的趋势;资源投入、废物排放与经济增长之间均出现弱脱钩现象,表明徐州经济系统正处于显著的弱可持续发展态势;经济规模扩大和技术效应抑制作用减弱是引起煤炭城市资源环境约束性增强、可持续发展降低的主要驱动因素。  相似文献   

Zircon U–Pb age,Hf isotopic compositions and geochemistry of the Silurian Fengdingshan I-type granite Pluton and Taoyuan mafic–felsic Complex at the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2013

This work presents an integrated study of zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope along with whole-rock geochemistry on Silurian Fengdingshan I-type granites and Taoyuan mafic–felsic intrusive Complex located at the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block, filling in a gap in understanding of Paleozoic I-type granites and mafic-intermediate igneous rocks in the eastern South China Craton (SCC). The Fengdingshan granite and Taoyuan hornblende gabbro are dated at 436 ± 5 Ma and 409 ± 2 Ma, respectively. The Fengdingshan granites display characteristics of calc-alkaline I-type granite with high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7093–0.7127, low εNd(t) values ranging from −5.6 to −5.4 and corresponding Nd model ages (T_2DM) of 1.6 Ga. Their zircon grains have εHf(t) values ranging from −2.7 to 2.6 and model ages of 951–1164 Ma. The Taoyuan mafic rocks exhibit typical arc-like geochemistry, with enrichment in Rb, Th, U and Pb and depletion in Nb, Ta. They have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7053–0.7058, εNd(t) values of 0.2–1.6 and corresponding T_2DM of 1.0–1.1 Ga. Their zircon grains have εHf(t) values ranging from 3.2 to 6.1 and model ages of 774–911 Ma. Diorite and granodiorite from the Taoyuan Complex have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of 0.7065–0.7117, εNd(t) values from −5.7 to −1.9 and Nd model ages of 1.3–1.6 Ga. The petrographic and geochemical characteristics indicate that the Fengdingshan granites probably formed by reworking of Neoproterozoic basalts with very little of juvenile mantle-derived magma. The Taoyuan Complex formed by magma mixing and mingling, in which the mafic member originated from a metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Both the Fengdingshan and Taoyuan Plutons formed in a post-orogenic collapse stage in an intracontinental tectonic regime. Besides the Paleozoic Fengdingshan granites and Taoyuan hornblende gabbro, other Neoproterozoic and Indosinian igneous rocks located along the southeastern and western margin of the Yangtze Block also exhibit decoupled Nd–Hf isotopic systemics, which may be a fingerprint of a previous late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic oceanic subduction.  相似文献   

The Verification and Significance of Three Approaches to Longitudinal Stresses in High–resolution Models of Glacier Flow     

Alun Hubbard 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(4):471-487

With the purpose of improving the ice physics underpinning time–dependent glacier flowline models, three independent approaches for solving longitudinal stresses in glaciers are discussed and verified by application to Haut Glacier d'Arolla. To highlight any shortcomings, the reduced and much utilised driving stress approximation is also applied and compared. Modelled velocity patterns using the three full stress schemes exhibit consistency with one another and good coincidence with observed velocities for the 1991 summer melt season. Furthermore, these stress patterns indicate that longitudinal stresses are significant and of a similar order of magnitude as the basal shear stress components. However, the driving stress approximation yields erratic fluctuations in the stress and velocity fields which are neither realistic in terms of mass continuity nor agree with observations. Basal decoupling experiments indicate a complex relationship between basal velocity and englacial stresses with considerable dampening of any basal perturbation occurring as it is dissipated towards the surface and transferred throughout the ice mass. The driving stress approximation fails to account at all for any such coupling. Experiments to identify the length scale over which longitudinal effects operate indicate that they are significant even up to 10 ice thicknesses. The implication here is that longitudinal stresses play a significant role in determining glacier dynamics on length scales up to at least 2 km and that the predictive power of models of glacier flow based purely on the driving stress approximation is therefore subject to significant limitations. Inclusion of longitudinal stresses overcomes one of the main limitations imposed on such models and, given the potential ease of incorporation of the schemes described here, this deficiency may readily be resolved.  相似文献   

大型结构地震反应值模拟中的波动输入   总被引：11，自引：6，他引：11  

李山有  廖振鹏  周正华 《地震工程与工程振动》2001,21(2):1-5

解耦的时域有限元数值模拟技术在考虑土－结构相互作用的大型结构地震反应分析中的应用日趋成熟。为完善其中的波动输入技术，本提出 了一种波动输入时步数值模拟的简便方法，替换对自由场的频域计算，从而使结构反应分析可以完全通过时步数值模拟实现。同时，通过数值实现，对这一实施方案的有效性进行了检验。  相似文献   

国家级贫困县旅游发展与多维贫困的脱钩关系研究——以西南地区为例   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

何静  汪侠  刘丹丽  孙鑫  段志勇 《地理研究》2019,38(5):1189-1207

发展旅游业被认为是贫困地区缓解贫困的重要方式之一,为探讨国家级贫困县的旅游扶贫发展现状,本文基于Tapio脱钩模型,以西南地区136个国家级贫困县为例,对旅游发展分别与综合贫困以及、教育、医疗、社会福利等不同维度贫困间的脱钩关系进行研究。研究结果表明：① 随着旅游的发展,西南地区贫困县的综合贫困状况得到改善,但改善程度表现出不稳定性并逐渐放缓;② 随着旅游发展,西南地区贫困县经济和社会福利贫困某种程度上得到改善,医疗贫困得到较大改善,教育贫困基本未得到改变;③ 西南地区不同省份贫困县的旅游扶贫发展存在空间差异性,贵州贫困县表现最好。本研究对于深度了解旅游扶贫现状,进一步发挥旅游的多维扶贫作用具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Mechanism of Structure Variations at Rifted Margins in the Central Segment of South Atlantic: Insights from Numerical Modeling     

WANG Zhichen  LI Jianghai  FENG Zhiqiang  WANG Lijie  LIU Chen 《《地质学报》英文版》2023,97(4):1229-1242

Rifted margins in the central South Atlantic portray spatial variability in terms of preserved width and thickness, which relates to complex rift-related fault activities. However, there is still a lack of systematic and quantitative explanations for the causes of the variations that are observed along the paired rifts. To elucidate this issue, 2D viscous-plastic thermomechanical numerical models are applied to capture the behavior of deformation, in which we investigate the effects of extensional rate, crustal strength and thickness on crust-mantle coupling, and timing of transition from rifting to breakup. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that crust-mantle decoupling accounts for crustal hyperextension, and that incorporating moderate-intensity rheology into lower crust may yield insights into the hyper-extended crust and asymmetric architecture observed in the central South Atlantic. The results also suggest that undulations in lithospheric basement cause asymmetric mantle upwelling. The lower crust of fold belts takes priority to be thermally weakened over craton and induces rift migration simultaneously. A new mechanism for the formation of failed rift is described, where the mechanical decoupling derived from thermally weakened lower crust gives access to dual rift migration. These results reinforce the interpretation on how crustal rheology shapes margins architectures and highlight the first-order effects of crust-mantle coupling.  相似文献