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H.A. Wanas 《地学前缘(英文版)》2011,2(4):491-507
Lower Paleozoic rocks exposed in various regions of Egypt (south central Sinai, north Eastern Desert and southwest Western Desert), in addition to occurring in the subsurface such as north Western Desert and the Gulf of Suez. The Lower Paleozoic rocks in Egypt include surface and subsurface rock units of formational status. The surface rock units are the Taba, Araba and Naqus formations. The subsurface rock units include the Shifa, Kohla and Basur formations.
The Infracambrian Taba Formation has been discovered recently in the outcrops of the south eastern Sinai in the Taba-Ras El-Naqab area. It is missing and/or not recognized in the subsurface. The Taba Formation consists mainly of reddish brown, unfossiliferous gravelly fine-to medium-grained sandstones cemented by kaolinite and have subordinate beds of paleosols. The Cambrian Araba Formation and its subsurface equivalent (the Shifa Formation) are essentially composed of reddish brown, fine-grained laminated sandstone and siltstone with abundant Skolithos and Cruziana sp. In contrast, the Ordovician-Silurian Naqus Formation and its subsurface equivalents (Kohla Formation and Basur Formation) are mainly composed of white, unfossiliferous, cross-bedded, medium- to coarse-grained sandstones with haphazardly distributed pebbles and cobbles. Sedimentological analysis indicates that the Araba Formation and its equivalents were deposited in a marginal-marine environment, whereas the Naqus Formation and its equivalents were laid down in a fluvio-glacial environment.
Integrated stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of the Lower Paleozoic rocks permit reconstruction of the paleogeography of Egypt at that time. Egypt has been largely controlled since the Cambrian by the pre-existing structural framework of the pre-Phanerozoic basement rocks inherited from the Late Proterozoic Pan-African event. Additionally, sedimentation processes were controlled during Cambro-Ordovician times by tectonic movements, whereas glacio-eustatic control predominated during the Late Ordovician-Silurian Period. These studies suggest that most areas of Egypt were exposed lands with episodically transgression by epicontinental seas related to the paleo-Tethys. These lands formed a part of a stable subsiding shelf at the northern Gondwana margin. 相似文献
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The Parana River is one of the most important fluvial systems of South America and its floodplain includes the most diverse subtropical ecosystem on the continent. However, the relationship between basic aspects, such as the vegetation and geomorphology of the river floodplain, has scarcely been investigated. In this paper, the annual dynamics of vegetation in relation to the geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics of a river floodplain around 31° 30′ S, are analyzed. The annual dynamics of vegetation was investigated using values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from satellite images at two scales of spatial analysis: the first, at the geomorphologic unit level, through several transects crossing the total width of each unit and, the second, through some transects selected from each unit. Our analysis considered variables of different temporal stability (such as geomorphology, hydrology, vegetation, precipitation, and ground temperature), using scenes corresponding to two hydrological cycles of the system (2009 and 2010), which represented relatively “dry” and “humid” years. Five main geomorphologic units were identified in the floodplain of this anabranching system, which were named considering the predominant landforms and the most important (or typical) water course of each area: Bars and Islands of the Main Channel of the Parana River (BI-MCH), Scroll Bars of the Colastine Branch (SB-C), Scroll Bars of the San Javier River Channel (SB-SJ), Crevasse Splays and Levees of the Malo–Mendieta minor channels (CSL-MM), and Crevasse Splays and Levees of the Santa Fe–Coronda river channels (CSL-SFC). These major units are assembled at different general levels and with variable slopes, which partially control the permanence and other characteristics of the flood flow. The crevasse splays and river levees units were predominantly characterized by herbaceous–bushy marshy vegetation, with low mean NDVI values, while SB-C and BI-MCH units showed two types of forests. The latter showed the highest NDVI values. Unit SB-SJ showed mixed characteristics between the two above-mentioned groups. Mean NDVI values were different among the varying geomorphologic units and during the studied years, showing extreme values of 0.25 and 0.80 after both hydrological cycles. According to our results, the main variations in the seasonal dynamics of vegetation show a higher dependence on the dynamics of the hydrological cycle than on surface temperature or precipitation. The hydrological dynamics of the Parana River floodplain are in turn regulated by its geomorphological architecture, so the annual dynamics of vegetation activity in this system are finally influenced by the geomorphologic unit's level, rather than by the short duration modeling processes (i.e., hydrological cycles or drought–flood pulses). 相似文献
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合肥盆地形成机制与油气勘探前景 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：19
合肥盆地是与大别造山带同因同期形成的山前前陆盆地,在发育过程中盆地东部受郊庐断裂影响较大。盆地基底为华北板块的南缘,岩性主要由古生界组成,沉积盖层发育较全,厚达12000m。是一个中、新生代陆相沉积盆地。该盆地共划分4个一级构造单元,形成“三坳围一隆”的构造格局。主要大断裂4条,南倾、东西走向,横贯全盆,其性质为先逆后正的转换断层。该盆地形成∈-O、C-P、J1-2、K1-2、E五套烃源岩,中央隆起是油气的主要指向,是一个勘探潜力较大的含油气盆地。 相似文献
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Cléa Araújo da Silva Pedro Walfir M. Souza-FilhoSuzan W.P. Rodrigues 《Continental Shelf Research》2009
The northern Brazilian coast, east of the Amazon River is characterized by several macrotidal estuarine systems that harbor large mangrove areas with approximately 7600 km2. The Marapanim Estuary is influenced by macrotidal regime with moderate waves influence. Morphologic units were investigated by using remote sensing images (i.e., Landsat-7 ETM+, RADARSAT- 1 Wide and SRTM) integrated with bathymetric data. The modern sedimentary deposits were analyzed from 67 cores collected by Vibracore and Rammkersonde systems. Analysis of morphology and surface sedimentary deposits of the Marapanim River reveal they are strongly influenced by the interaction of tidal, wave and fluvial currents. Based on these processes it was possible to recognize three distinct longitudinal facies zonation that revels the geological filling of a macrotidal estuary. The estuary mouth contain fine to medium marine sands strongly influenced by waves and tides, responsible for macrotidal sandy beaches and estuarine channel development, which are characterized by wave-ripple bedding and longitudinal cross-bedding sands. The estuary funnel is mainly influenced by tides that form wide tidal mudflats, colonized by mangroves, along the estuarine margin, with parallel laminations, lenticular bedding, root fragments and organic matter lenses. The upstream estuary contains coarse sand to gravel of fluvial origin. Massive mud with organic matter lenses, marks and roots fragments occur in the floodplain accumulates during seasonal flooding providing a slowly aggrading in the alluvial plain. This morphologic and depositional pattern show easily a tripartite zonation of a macrotidal estuary, that are in the final stage of filling. 相似文献
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基于构造的测震学参数在鲁东－黄海地块的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以基于构造的测震学参数分析为思路,利用地震构造分区和地质构造单元的划分结果,检验了基于活动边界带的测震学参数方法的可行性;将活动地块内部（地质构造复杂且地震活动频繁）构造单元与测震学参数相结合,研究中强震前震源区所在的构造单元测震学参数的变化特征,提取具有中期预测意义的震兆标志,为中强震的预测提供理论依据。结果显示：中强地震前,郯庐断裂带（鲁东-黄海地块西边界带）及扬子地块（鲁东－黄海地块内部构造单元）D、C值异常过程明显,且各有特点,证明了基于活动地块内部构造单元的测震学参数方法具有良好的可行性。 相似文献
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To assess differences between object and pixel-based reservoir modeling techniques, ten realizations of a UK Continental Shelf braided fluvial reservoir were produced using Boolean Simulation (BS) and Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS). Various sensitivities associated with geological input data as well as with technique-specific modeling parameters were analyzed for both techniques. The resulting realizations from the object-based and pixel-based modeling efforts were assessed by visual inspection and by evaluation of the values and ranges of the single-phase effective permeability tensors, obtained through upscaling. The BS method performed well for the modeling of two types of fluvial channels, yielding well-confined channels, but failed to represent the complex interaction of these with sheetflood and other deposits present in the reservoir. SIS gave less confined channels and had great difficulty in representing the large-scale geometries of one type of channel while maintaining its appropriate proportions. Adding an SIS background to the Boolean channels, as opposed to a Boolean background, resulted in an improved distribution of sheetflood bodies. The permeability results indicated that the SIS method yielded models with much higher horizontal permeability values (20–100%) and lower horizontal anisotropy than the BS versions. By widening the channel distribution and increasing the range of azimuths, however, the BS-produced models gave results approaching the SIS behavior. For this reservoir, we chose to combine the two methods by using object-based channels and a pixel-based heterogeneous background, resulting in moderate permeability and anisotropy levels. 相似文献