Trace elements in the shallow ground water of The Netherlands. A geochemical and statistical interpretation of the national monitoring network data     

Giuseppe Frapporti  Simon P. Vriend  Pauline F. M. Van Gaans 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1996,2(1):51-80

Concentration levels of the trace elements Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Y, and Zn in the shallow Dutch ground water were studied. Data were extracted from the data base of the Dutch National Ground Water Quality Monitoring Network, a network set up to monitor the diffuse contamination. The network contains over 350 sites at a low density of about 1 per 100 km². The sites are sampled once a year at two depths (approx. 10 and 25 m below surface). A two-step multivariate statistical approach was used, in which the major element chemistry was used to define water types. Within each water type, trace element behavior could be coupled to distinct geochemical processes: dilution, acidification and weathering, carbonate dissolution, oxidation/reduction, and ion exchange. In recently infiltrated acid rain water in low buffering capacity sands, the anthropogenic influence indirectly caused mobilization of Al (median 430 g/l), Cd (0.6 g/l), Co (14 g/l), Cu (2.7 g/l), Ni (16 g/l), Y (11 g/l), and Zn (50 mg/l). In carbonate bearing sediments the acidification is neutralized, and the mentioned trace elements remain immobile. Arsenic and Cr have higher concentrations levels in ground waters with a slightly reducing character and are possibly governed by the dissolution of iron-manganese hydroxides. Boron, Li, and Sr have high concentrations (respectively 875, 80, 2700 g/l) in the water type related to a seawater source. Strontium is related to carbonate dissolution in all other water types (medians ranging from 100 to 1000 g/l). Barium shows a complex behaviour. It is concluded that the high Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations are anthropogenically induced. High Ba and Cr concentrations are inferred to be due to natural processes.  相似文献   

Climate Change in the Urals,Russia, Inferred from Borehole Temperature Data     

Štulc  Petr  Golovanova  Inessa V.  Selezniova  G.V. 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1997,41(3):225-246

Borehole temperatures in the central and south Urals were analysed for the past ground surface temperature (GST) signal. 31 highquality temperature logs were selected for this purpose and inverted with algorithms based on the generalised least squares theory. The signal to noise ratio was improved by averaging the results of individual borehole inversions. No distinct regional trends were found in the studied region except for some indications of more pronounced warming in the south. The mean GST history (GSTH) was characterised by cooling down to –0.6 °C in the 18th century and subsequent warming to 0.5 °C above the longterm mean at the beginning of this century, and to 1 – 1.5 °C by 1980. The stability of the mean GSTH was tested in dependence on the number of holes used for the averaging. It showed that any subset of 15 holes yielded a GSTH similar to that obtained from the whole set. A surface air temperature (SAT) time series comprising the period 1832 – 1989 was combined from 17 meteorological records. Its least squares warming rate of 1.1 °C per 100 years is somewhat higher than that of the GST (0.7 – 0.8°C/100 years) in the same period.  相似文献   

河北涞源白石山地质公园“1.5Ga前地裂缝”新解     

刘江  李海兵  乔秀夫 《地质论评》2016,62(1):17-28

梁定益等(2002)研究认为太行山北段河北省涞源县白石山地质公园内存在一条与中元古代雾迷山组沉积时代相当的地裂缝构造,且地裂缝内填充由地震触发,重力垮塌形成的震积岩(含软沉积变形)。近期实地考察后,笔者等得出与上述观点不同的认识,即先前认为的地裂缝实为一条断裂带:震积岩为断裂带构造岩;断层主滑移带内发育S—C面理构造;断层角砾复杂结构是构造变形和压溶作用的结果;断裂整体表现为含正断层分量的走滑断层。结合太行山北段区域构造演化历史,本文提出该断裂最早形成于燕山运动期间,此后在区域构造应力作用下可能多次活动。  相似文献   

海南省暖云烟炉设置及人工增雨作业条件分析     

何媛  黄彦彬  李春鸾  李光伟 《气象科技》2016,44(6):1043-1052

用地面烟炉开展人工增雨作业的关键环节是作业点附近的上升气流,利用海南省昌江霸王岭、东方玉龙山、乐东付光和五指山毛阳4个烟炉作业点附近的自动站和海口多普勒雷达资料并结合作业点地形特点对烟炉作业点布设条件和作业条件进行了分析,采用高斯模式对催化剂扩散情况进行了数值模拟。结果显示:这4个烟炉作业点均位于一定海拔的迎风坡,可利用上升气流将催化剂带入云中进行催化。综合利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、MICAPS资料和雷达数据确定作业时机,开展暖云烟炉人工增雨作业,增雨效果明显。  相似文献   

基于GPR图像的福建海坛岛北部海岸冲积扇沉积构造及其成因的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赖海成  李志忠  靳建辉  邓涛  姜锋  于晓莉  苑秀全  申健玲  龚松柏 《沉积学报》2016,34(4):645-652

福建海坛岛北部海岸发育一座覆盖淡灰黄色风成砂层、相对高度达30 m的大沙山,外貌很像风成大沙丘,但同时又具有冲积扇形态。其成因和沉积环境有待考证,而探明大沙山内部沉积构造是判别其成因的主要途径之一。在野外考察的基础上,运用探地雷达（GPR）对大沙山内部沉积构造进行探测,获得约20 m深度范围内的沉积构造图像数据。结果表明:大沙山中上部发育由棱角状砾石或粗砂细砂组成的沉积旋回和沟槽沉积构造,显示出冲积扇上部的沉积构造组合特点;中下部层面中交替呈现弧形沉积构造,大沙山南侧发育有向南倾斜28°～30°的前积层理。结合大沙山西侧冲沟剖面沉积构造、大沙山表面的棱角状砾石特征以及现代风沙地貌分布规律,初步认为大沙山是山前多期沟谷洪流携带的碎屑物沉积形成的冲积扇残余堆积体,沉积间隙受海岸带风沙活动影响。  相似文献   

Mapping rice-fallow cropland areas for short-season grain legumes intensification in South Asia using MODIS 250 m time-series data     

Murali Krishna Gumma  Prasad S. Thenkabail  Pardharsadhi Teluguntla  Mahesh N. Rao  Irshad A. Mohammed  Anthony M. Whitbread 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2016,9(10):981-1003

The goal of this study was to map rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow cropland areas across South Asia, using MODIS 250?m time-series data and identify where the farming system may be intensified by the inclusion of a short-season crop during the fallow period. Rice-fallow cropland areas are those areas where rice is grown during the kharif growing season (June–October), followed by a fallow during the rabi season (November–February). These cropland areas are not suitable for growing rabi-season rice due to their high water needs, but are suitable for a short -season (≤3 months), low water-consuming grain legumes such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), black gram, green gram, and lentils. Intensification (double-cropping) in this manner can improve smallholder farmer’s incomes and soil health via rich nitrogen-fixation legume crops as well as address food security challenges of ballooning populations without having to expand croplands. Several grain legumes, primarily chickpea, are increasingly grown across Asia as a source of income for smallholder farmers and at the same time providing rich and cheap source of protein that can improve the nutritional quality of diets in the region. The suitability of rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow croplands for grain legume cultivation across South Asia were defined by these identifiers: (a) rice crop is grown during the primary (kharif) crop growing season or during the north-west monsoon season (June–October); (b) same croplands are left fallow during the second (rabi) season or during the south-east monsoon season (November–February); and (c) ability to support low water-consuming, short-growing season (≤3 months) grain legumes (chickpea, black gram, green gram, and lentils) during rabi season. Existing irrigated or rainfed crops such as rice or wheat that were grown during kharif were not considered suitable for growing during the rabi season, because the moisture/water demand of these crops is too high. The study established cropland classes based on the every 16-day 250?m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series for one year (June 2010–May 2011) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, using spectral matching techniques (SMTs), and extensive field knowledge. Map accuracy was evaluated based on independent ground survey data as well as compared with available sub-national level statistics. The producers’ and users’ accuracies of the cropland fallow classes were between 75% and 82%. The overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient estimated for rice classes were 82% and 0.79, respectively. The analysis estimated approximately 22.3?Mha of suitable rice-fallow areas in South Asia, with 88.3% in India, 0.5% in Pakistan, 1.1% in Sri Lanka, 8.7% in Bangladesh, 1.4% in Nepal, and 0.02% in Bhutan. Decision-makers can target these areas for sustainable intensification of short-duration grain legumes.  相似文献   

基于控制点影像数据库的国产卫星影像纠正技术研究     

陈爱玲  陈子越 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(8):28-30

随着国产卫星影像的广泛应用,其影像高效率、高精度的处理变得越来越重要。本文基于控制点和影像数据建立福建省控制点影像数据库,并采用相关系数法进行影像匹配,实现影像控制点的自动提取。结果表明,利用控制点影像数据库进行影像的几何纠正具有较高的精度,可提高生产效率,具有实用性。  相似文献   

某公路软弱地基上的高填方路基开裂失效病害处治对策研究     

陈紫云 《地质灾害与环境保护》2016,(1):51-58

以我国西南某高速公路软弱地基上的高填方路堤开裂失效病害实例作为研究对象,以病害现象反复发生反复处治、病害认识不断加深的历程作为基础:先是因为对软弱地基处理方式失当而在路堤填筑过程中产生了侧向滑移病害;后又因为对病害机制认识不准确,导致制定的治理方案处治病害不彻底,使得路堤重新填筑过程中再次产生了侧向滑移病害;然后,再次因为对病害机制的认识还是不到位,并且对治理方案作用机理的理解不透彻,导致了病害进一步加重而致使路堤不得不重新填筑。通过对病害发生、发展过程的再认识和再评估,对病害发生机制进行了较为深入的探究和论述,对未能达到预期的病害处治对策进行了总结和反省,提出了病害防治的应对策略和思路,形成了病害处治方案且经历了实践的验证。  相似文献   

内蒙古东乌旗巴润查干陶勒盖地区物化探异常特征及找矿远景     

金松  李健  胡中国  毛学超 《化工矿产地质》2016,(2):105-114

内蒙古东乌旗巴润查干陶勒盖地区位于二连-东乌旗成矿带东段,具有良好的成矿地质背景,晚华力西期花岗岩、石英二长斑岩侵入体及各类晚期脉岩伴随北东向断裂构造侵入安格尔音乌拉组地层中,具有十分有利的成矿地质条件。1:5万及1:1万土壤地球化学异常元素主要为Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu等,浓集中心明显,套合较好。1:5万航磁局部异常及1:1万地面高精度磁测异常均与北东向构造岩浆活动密切相关。1:1万地质测量圈定的地表矿化蚀变带与上述物化探异常形态基本一致。通过分析研究区的控矿地质条件及物化探异常特征,认为研究区热液型Pb、Zn多金属矿床具有良好的成矿远景,有进一步工作价值。  相似文献   

黄河源区冻土分布制图及其热稳定性特征模拟   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

李静  盛煜  吴吉春  冯子亮  宁作君  胡晓莹  张秀敏 《地理科学》2016,36(4):588-596

以黄河源区多年冻土分布现状和热力特征为研究目标,通过野外调查及实测数据,分析了黄河源区不同地形地貌、不同地表覆盖条件下的冻土形成、分布特征和以地温为基础的热学特征,探讨了不同尺度因素对多年冻土分布的影响。结果表明,在高程低于4 300 m的平原区,多年冻土多不发育;在高于4 350 m的山区,局地地形对多年冻土的形成与分布作用显著。除阳坡地形外,多年冻土均比较发育;介于4 300~4 350 m的低山丘陵和平原区,局地地形、地表植被、土壤湿度等因素共同决定着多年冻土的形成和分布格局。以年均地温指标为基础,构建了以纬度、经度和高程为自变量的回归模型,并对阳坡地形进行微调和校正。结果表明,以0oC作为划分季节冻土和多年冻土的标准和界限,多年冻土面积2.5×10⁴km²,约占整个源区面积的85.1%;季节冻土面积0.3×10⁴km²,约占整个源区面积的9.7%。进一步以0.5oC或1.0oC为分类间隔绘制了黄河源区多年冻土热稳定性空间分布图。  相似文献