深海海底边界层原位观测系统研发与应用     

季春生  贾永刚  朱俊江  胡乃利  范智涵  胡聪  冯学志  余和雨  刘博 《地学前缘》2022,29(5):265-274

为进一步研究南海北部陆坡海洋动力过程对深海海底边界层的影响,研发了“深海海底边界层原位观测系统(In-situ Observation System for Bottom Boundary Layer in Abyssal Sea)”,ABBLOS。观测系统主体为坐底式深海运载平台,最大工作水深可达6 700 m(实际工作水深取决于搭载设备的耐压水深),是研究深海海底边界层问题的重要技术创新。观测平台由上下两部分框架结构组成,上部框架用于搭载和回收观测设备,下部支撑架为配重,并且用于提供距离海底1 m的观测空间;同时创新性地设计了“卡槽定位-螺栓紧固”的连接方式连接上下两部分,连接方式简单可靠,保证了平台回收成功率。ABBLOS集成了75 k-ADCP、高频ADCP、ADV、高精度压力计、海底摄像机等设备,以及甲烷、温盐深、浊度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位等传感器,首次实现了内波、中尺度涡等海洋动力过程与海底边界层物理化学参数的动态变化同步观测,特别是可以观测距离海底1 m高度范围的水体流速剖面,并且达到7 mm一层的垂向空间分辨率。研制完成后,2020年在南海北部陆坡神狐海域655 m和1 405 m水深处分别成功布放并回收,观测时间共计34天,采集到观测站位上覆海水的流速剖面结构,捕捉到了平均周期为1天1次的内波作用过程,以及海底边界层的多种物理化学参数。初步分析655 m水深处的观测数据后,发现深海海底边界层的温度、压力、溶解氧、密度和盐度等参数受控于海洋潮汐过程,尤其是温度和压力的变化基本与潮汐周期同步。海底边界层氧化环境较为稳定,甲烷浓度由高变低,但是基本在海洋溶解甲烷平均浓度范围内。与潮汐相比,内孤立波对深海海底边界层水体的影响程度较小,但是明显可以引起沉积物的再悬浮,引起的海底边界层的海水浊度从背景值的0.01 NTU增大到48 NTU,海底摄像机也记录到了内孤立波期间深海底层海水突然变浑浊的过程,说明南海内孤立波可以影响海底沉积物的输运。  相似文献   

热-机碎岩孕镶金刚石钻头的设计及试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

常思  刘宝昌  韩哲  王雪琪  白皓亮 《探矿工程》2022,49(2):77-84

为提高钻进效率,合理利用钻进过程中产生的热量,本文采用摩擦热能辅助机械能碎岩（简称：热-机碎岩）的方法,将氮化硅作为摩擦元件引入孕镶金刚石钻头中,以提高钻头工作层的钻进性能。本文通过对钻头水口、摩擦元件的尺寸计算,钻头胎体、结构的设计,制造了一种新型热-机碎岩孕镶金刚石钻头（简称：热-机碎岩钻头）,并与常规六水口钻头和三水口钻头开展了室内钻进试验对比。结果表明,与六水口钻头和三水口钻头相比,热-机碎岩钻头加入摩擦元件后能够因摩擦生热而使岩石产生弱化作用,钻头钻速提高,在相同钻井液流量下最高可比六水口钻头的机械钻速高33.3%。热-机碎岩钻头胎体的磨损程度比三水口钻头小,热-机碎岩钻头可用于强研磨性地层的钻进。  相似文献   

甘肃厂坝-李家沟超大型铅锌矿床成矿金属来源——来自闪锌矿原位S-Pb和Zn同位素证据     

魏然  王义天  胡乔青  黄诗康  窦平  胡文荣 《矿床地质》2022,41(4):722-740

甘肃厂坝-李家沟铅锌矿床位于西秦岭多金属成矿带内的西成矿集区,为矿集区内重要的超大型铅锌矿床。矿体赋存在中泥盆统安家岔组的白云石化大理岩及石英片岩中,其成因认识一直存在争议,主要分歧集中在是同生还是后生。文章对不同成矿阶段的闪锌矿,采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)测定Zn同位素组成、采用激光剥蚀-多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)原位微区分析技术测定S、Pb同位素组成,示踪成矿物质来源,并分析矿物沉淀机制,为深入理解矿床成因提供新的精细证据。研究结果显示,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个成矿阶段闪锌矿的δ⁶⁶Zn分别为0.08‰~0.29‰,平均0.20‰;0.19‰~0.37‰,平均0.30‰;0.36‰~0.37‰,平均0.37‰。其中,Ⅰ阶段的闪锌矿δ³⁴S_Ⅰ值为20.9‰~26.1‰,平均24.4‰;Ⅱ阶段的闪锌矿δ³⁴S_Ⅱ值为12.2‰~21.9‰,平均19.1‰;Ⅲ阶段的闪锌矿δ³⁴S_Ⅲ值为18.2‰~24.7‰,平均21.5‰。3个阶段的矿石矿物Pb同位素组成变化不大,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.922~18.013,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.567~15.647,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为37.990~38.266。δ⁶⁶Zn同位素值显示,成矿金属早期来源于围岩海相碳酸盐岩,由于混合了岩浆热液或者是瑞利分馏作用,在成矿作用中后期δ⁶⁶Zn同位素逐渐上升。δ³⁴S同位素值显示,早期硫源主要为地层中的硫酸盐,中后期的δ³⁴S同位素值降低,可能是成矿流体中岩浆热液中的S^2-成分逐渐增多导致,闪锌矿为硫酸盐通过TSR反应沉淀成矿。Pb同位素指示成矿物质来源于上地壳,并混入了部分古老的变质基底的成分。笔者研究发现,厂坝-李家沟铅锌矿的成矿机制为不同来源的流体混合,随着pH值、成矿流体的温度发生变化而沉淀成矿。  相似文献   

滇东南都龙Sn-Zn多金属矿床交生硫化物微区主量元素、硫同位素特征及成因研究     

许赛华  任涛  白鑫  叶勤富  韩彬 《矿床地质》2022,41(4):741-750

都龙Sn-Zn多金属矿床位于滇东南老君山锡锌钨多金属成矿区南部,是中国3大锡石硫化物矿床之一。该矿床发育闪锌矿-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿密切共生结构,即硫化物交生结构。文章利用电子探针和LA-MC-ICP-MS对具有交生结构的闪锌矿-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿和毒砂进行了微区主量元素和硫同位素测试,以期明确其成因及硫的来源。主量元素测试结果显示,闪锌矿中的w(Zn)为52.23%~57.22%,w(S)为33.06%~36.10%,w(Fe)为9.92%~12.24%,w(Cu)为0.11%~0.30%;黄铜矿中的w(Cu)为33.95%~35.08%,w(S)为33.49%~35.27%,w(Fe)为30.74%~31.41%,w(Zn)为0.04%~1.50%;磁黄铁矿中的w(Fe)为49.30%~51.94%,w(S)为38.36%~39.69%,w(Zn)为9.35%~11.01%,w(Cu)为0.05%~0.15%。磁黄铁矿和黄铜矿包裹体边部和核部成分均一,且投影点全部落在固溶体出溶区域,说明都龙矿床交生闪锌矿-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿是固溶体分离成因。原位S同位素分析结果显示,闪锌矿的δ³⁴S为0.9‰~3.2‰,磁黄铁矿的δ³⁴S为0.6‰~2.1‰,毒砂的δ³⁴S为2.9‰~4.2‰,黄铜矿的δ³⁴S为0.6‰~2.8‰,均显示为岩浆来源特征。主量元素温度计估算的闪锌矿-黄铜矿的形成温度介于285~394℃,指示该矿床主要硫化物形成于中高温阶段。  相似文献   

Effects of continuous flow centrifugation on measurements of trace elements in river water: intrinsic contamination and particle fragmentation     

Patrick Ross  Davide Vignati  Janusz Dominik 《水文研究》2006,20(13):2745-2754

Continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) is a well‐established technique used in natural surface water studies to collect large amounts of suspended solids, thus allowing a broad spectrum of measurements. However, a potential contamination or changes in the particle size distribution during the centrifugation may restrain the use of CFC effluents for element analysis in the colloidal and dissolved fractions. In this paper we evaluate the possibility of using the effluent of a Westfalia centrifuge (type KA2‐06‐075, 9700 rpm) for such analysis. This evaluation is based on two laboratory experiments with deionized and tap water and two field experiments in rivers. Elemental concentration changes across the CFC were assessed from the CFC influent and effluent after a filtration at 0·45 µm. Significant increases were found, mainly in the field experiments at a high suspended solids level and a slightly acid pH. A hypothesis was made on the origin of these increases as a superposition of a centrifuge intrinsic contamination and a particle fragmentation effect. A numerical model based on elemental concentration measurements (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) gave a particle fragmentation level of 0·55% (mass percentage of particles broken up into smaller fragments during centrifugation). In another experiment, a direct particle counting (single particle counter) shows an excess of particles smaller than 500 nm in the CFC effluent, corresponding to a fragmentation level of 0·11%. In consequence, the use of CFC effluent for element analysis is possible in low‐turbidity river or lake waters, but should be carefully considered in waters with high suspended matter contents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

北部湾悬浮颗粒现场剖面测量与粒度分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

柏秀芳  龚德俊 《海洋科学》2008,32(7):11-10

应用LISST-100现场激光粒度仪于2006年8月在北部湾首次进行了悬浮颗粒剖面测量，获得了整个垂直剖面的悬浮颗粒现场粒径分布、体积比和光衰减系数，并计算得到了垂直剖面的总浓度和各层的粒度参数及粒级组成。结果表明，悬浮颗粒自上而下均为双峰分布，只是表层的双峰位于5．57μm和34．4μm，中间层和底层的双峰位于34．4μm和129．4μm。悬浮颗粒体积比自上而下逐渐增大，到达底层时达到最大。光衰减系数的变化趋势与颗粒体积比非常相似，且二者存在很好的相关性，相关系数高达0．98。整个垂直剖面上，表层粒度较细，随着深度增加粒度逐渐变粗，到达底层时粒度最粗。悬浮体总体上正偏，峰态值较小，分选较差。粒度以砂为主，粉砂含量次之，不舍黏土。  相似文献   

Conduit-vent structures and related proximal deposits in the Las Cañadas caldera, Tenerife, Canary Islands     

Carles Soriano  Inés Galindo  Joan Martí  John Wolff 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,69(2):217-231

The Las Cañadas caldera wall and the outer slopes of the caldera provide three-dimensional exposures of numerous proximal-welded fallout deposits and have been mapped in detail. As a result, some parts of the Ucanca and Guajara Formations of the stratigraphy of Martí et al. (1994) have been divided into members that correspond to individual eruptions. Mapping has also revealed the occurrence of conduit-vent structures associated with proximal-welded fallout deposits. Conduit-vent structures consist of an upper flaring area and a lower narrow conduit. Conduit-vent geometry and dimensions include cylindrical plugs and eruptive fissures steeply dipping towards the caldera depression and elongated vents. The flaring area can be rather asymmetric and is usually filled by down-vent rheomorphic flow of the proximal fallout deposit. The lower conduits are filled by lava plug, agglutination of juveniles onto conduit walls and dyke intrusion with eventual dome extrusion. The eruption dynamics of welded fallout deposits and magma fragmentation within the conduit are consistent with an evolution from explosive to effusive. In this context conduit flow regimes evolve from turbulent to annular flow in which the conduit is progressively choked, and laminar flow leading to the final conduit closure.  相似文献   

Mostly Dormant Comets and their Disintegration into Meteoroid Streams: A Review     

Peter Jenniskens 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2008,102(1-4):505-520

The history of associating meteor showers with asteroidal-looking objects is long, dating to before the 1983 discovery that 3200 Phaethon moves among the Geminids. Only since the more recent recognition that 2003 EH1 moves among the Quadrantids are we certain that dormant comets are associated with meteoroid streams. Since that time, many orphan streams have found parent bodies among the newly discovered Near Earth Objects. The seven established associations pertain mostly to showers in eccentric or highly inclined orbits. At least 35 other objects are tentatively linked to streams in less inclined orbits that are more difficult to distinguish from those of asteroids. There is mounting evidence that the streams originated from discrete breakup events, rather than long episodes of gradual water vapor outgassing. If all these associations can be confirmed, they represent a significant fraction of all dormant comets that are in near-Earth orbits, suggesting that dormant comets break at least as frequently as the lifetime of the streams. I find that most pertain to NEOs that have not yet fully decoupled from Jupiter. The picture that is emerging is one of rapid disintegration of comets after being captured by Jupiter, and consequently, that objects such as 3200 Phaethon most likely originated from among the most primitive asteroids in the main belt, instead. They too decay mostly by disintegration into comet fragments and meteoroid streams. The disintegration of dormant comets is likely the main source of our meteor showers and the main supply of dust to the zodiacal cloud. Editorial handling: Frans Rietmeijer.  相似文献   

地应力对坝肩槽预裂爆破成缝的影响研究     

邓珂  陈明  卢文波  严鹏  冷振东 《岩土力学》2019,40(3):1121-1128

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长春地区白垩系地层地铁勘察参数的确定     

郭红梅 《岩土工程技术》2019,(2):70-74

白垩系砾岩及泥岩地层在长春地区普遍存在,但由于砾岩地层现场钻探难以取样进行室内土工试验,泥岩地层由于存在水稳性、膨胀性、崩解性等因素影响,砾岩和泥岩的承载力值、抗剪强度参数指标、渗透系数以及基床系数等参数多以经验数据评估方法为主,在合理准确确定相关参数的问题上存在较大分歧。通过对长春地区白垩系砾岩及泥岩进行原位平板载荷试验、浸水载荷试验以及现场原位剪切试验,获取砾岩、泥岩的承载力值、抗剪强度指标、渗透系数以及现场基床系数值等,为地铁建设工程地质问题分析及设计提供充足的地质依据。  相似文献