Design principles for origin-destination flow maps     

Bernhard Jenny  Daniel M. Stephen  Ian Muehlenhaus  Brooke E. Marston  Ritesh Sharma  Eugene Zhang 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(1):62-75

Origin-destination flow maps are often difficult to read due to overlapping flows. Cartographers have developed design principles in manual cartography for origin-destination flow maps to reduce overlaps and increase readability. These design principles are identified and documented using a quantitative content analysis of 97 geographic origin-destination flow maps without branching or merging flows. The effectiveness of selected design principles is verified in a user study with 215 participants. Findings show that (a) curved flows are more effective than straight flows, (b) arrows indicate direction more effectively than tapered line widths, and (c) flows between nodes are more effective than flows between areas. These findings, combined with results from user studies in graph drawing, conclude that effective and efficient origin-destination flow maps should be designed according to the following design principles: overlaps between flows are minimized; symmetric flows are preferred to asymmetric flows; longer flows are curved more than shorter or peripheral flows; acute angles between crossing flows are avoided; sharp bends in flow lines are avoided; flows do not pass under unconnected nodes; flows are radially distributed around nodes; flow direction is indicated with arrowheads; and flow width is scaled with represented quantity.  相似文献   

基于自组织映射的长江中下游夏季天气分型及其降水特征     

吴胜男  江志红 《气象科学》2019,39(5):588-598

利用欧洲中心1979—2015年夏季6—8月ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料和国家气候中心CN05.1格点化降水观测数据集,引入基于自组织映射SOM(Self-Organizing Maps)方法进行长江中下游地区夏季海平面气压空间距平场的客观分型,得到该地区25种地面天气型及其系统演变特征,发现天气型的稳定、转移与天气系统强弱有关。高低压系统越强,天气型停滞频率越高,天气型越稳定;反之,天气型越不稳定。基于SOM天气型转移概率,发现三条与局地降水联系的系统演变路径,其中1号路径暖空气势力强盛,副高北上,推动锋面北抬,产生江北降水型,多发生在7月;路径2反映冷空气势力强盛推动锋面南下的天气过程,产生沿江降水型,该天气型在6、7月均易发生;路径3表现为台风移动变化对长江下游江南地区降水的影响,为江南降水型,且集中在8月。通过引入SOM方法对逐日天气尺度环流进行分型,从气候态上捕捉与降水有关的天气系统的移动变化特征,体现SOM方法在模拟天气系统演变的优势。  相似文献   

地图的哲学内涵及其作用探讨     

程思聪  肖建华  马祥元 《测绘地理信息》2021,46(1):127-129

通过分析哲学和地图本质特征之间的关联,探讨了地图的哲学内涵及其在实现地图目的中起到的作用,尝试在通过地图认识世界、改造世界的探索道路上寻根溯源,从强化根基的角度使地图在新时代发挥更大的作用.  相似文献   

Characteristics of bottom dissolved oxygen in Long Island Sound,New York     

Younjoo J. Lee  Kamazima M.M. Lwiza 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008

The variability of bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) in Long Island Sound, New York, is examined using water quality monitoring data collected by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection from 1995 to 2004. Self-organizing map analysis indicates that hypoxia always occurs in the Narrows during summer and less frequently in the Western and the Central Basins. The primary factor controlling the bottom DO, changes spatially and temporally. For non-summer seasons, the levels of bottom DO are strongly associated with water temperature, which means DO availability is primarily driven by solubility. During summer, stratification intensifies under weak wind conditions and bottom DO starts to decrease and deviate from the saturation level except for stations in the Eastern Basin. For the westernmost and shallow (<15 m) stations, bottom DO is correlated with the density stratification (represented by difference between surface and bottom density). In contrast, at deep stations (>20 m), the relationship between oxygen depletion and stratification is not significant. For stations located west of the Central Basin, bottom DO continues to decrease during summer until it reaches its minimum when bottom temperature is around 19–20 °C. In most cases the recovery to saturation levels at the beginning of fall is fast, but not necessarily associated with increased wind mixing. Therefore, we propose that the DO recovery may be a manifestation of either the reduced microbial activity combined with the depletion of organic matter or horizontal exchange. Hypoxic volume is weakly correlated to the summer wind speed, spring total nitrogen, spring chlorophyll a, and maximum river discharge. When all variables are combined in a multiple regression, the coefficient of determination (r²) is 0.92. Surprisingly, the weakest variable is the total nitrogen, because when it is excluded the coefficient r² only drops to 0.84. Spring bloom seems to be an important source of organic carbon pool and biological uptake of oxygen plays a more crucial role in the seasonal evolution of bottom DO than previously thought. Our results indicate that the reassessment phase of the Long Island Sound Total Maximum Daily Load policy on nitrogen loading will most likely fail, because it ignores the contributions of the spring organic carbon pool and river discharge. Also, it is questionable whether the goal of 58.5% anthropogenic nitrogen load reduction is enough.  相似文献   

面向汉语的自然语言路径描述方法   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

张雪英  闾国年  宦建 《地球信息科学学报》2008,10(6):757-762

自然语言路径描述是运用日常生活中人们习惯的语言方式和思维方式来表达路径信息的。而可视化描述和自然语言描述相结合,可以使电子地图向用户提供图文并茂的路径查询服务。目前,电子地图在移动设备和Internet日益普及,自然语言路径描述成为电子地图大众化和人性化服务的重要标志之一。因此,路径描述中需要重点解决空间关系的自然语言描述问题。自然语言中空间关系描述的语言特征与心理学和认知语言学有着非常密切的关系。本文描述了针对汉语的路径描述词汇库的结构与内容,并根据汉语特点设计了路径描述的单元和复合句法模式,以解决词汇受限和句法模式单一的问题,提出了道路名称、沿途标志性地物和方向判断等路径描述补充信息的获取方法,以增加路径描述的可理解性。并以南京市电子地图为例,开发了电子地图查询原型系统。该系统能够在地图上可视化显示最短路径的同时,自动生成该路径的自然语言描述。  相似文献   

移动环境中居民地综合算法的应用     

王美珍  沈婕  苏昆 《地球信息科学学报》2008,10(2):171-176

手持设备自身的限制及无线网络环境的特点,要求地图在许多方面进行改革以适应新的技术条件。制图综合作为地图生产与制作的重要环节,是当前移动环境下地图应用必须面临的问题。本文以居民地综合算法为例,探讨了部分算法在移动环境中的执行效率,并进行了可用性验证。尝试将移动环境中用户位置以及用户的当前任务等上下文信息用于综合算法中,设计以用户位置及当前任务为中心的实时制图综合算法,最后以案例证明了算法的可用性。  相似文献   

地图综合中建筑物方向的计算方法及适用性分析     

ZHANG Yan  邓敏  LI Zhi-lin 《地理信息世界》2008,6(2):58-64

建筑物的方向是地图综合过程中的一个基本约束,目前仍没有一个计算建筑物方向的统一方法.本文详细阐述了五种常用的计算方法,分别为最长边法、加权平分线法、统计加权法、最小MBR法和基于墙的均值法.并从其基本原理出发,分析了这五种方法的适用性和局限性.通过两个实验设计和实现,进一步例证了这些方法的适用情况和存在的问题,并发现最小MBR方法较为稳健.  相似文献   

浅谈我国导航电子地图生产企业市场准入制度   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王桂芝  SUN Feng-fei 《地理信息世界》2008,6(2):23-27

分析了国外导航电子地图市场的发展概况和管理机制,以及我国导航电子地图市场的发展现状和存在的问题,在此基础上,进一步论述我国导航电子地图行业实行市场准人制度的必要性.  相似文献   

道路交通空间数据WebGIS发布技术探讨     

吕华丰  王明生 《地理空间信息》2009,7(4):101-103

介绍道路交通空间数据WebGIS发布技术研究的必要性。在介绍WebGIS的功能特点的基础上,简要介绍了超图软件SuperMapIS．NET的特性。最后,详细论述了运用SuperMapIS．NET发布交通数据的步骤,并做了简要数据地图的发布实现。  相似文献   

浅谈编制湖北省市县城区地图的技术特点     

张寒梅  曹定基  徐汉卿 《地理空间信息》2009,7(5):148-149

《湖北省市县城区地图》打破了公开版地图惯常只采用出版软件制作的思路,与建库结合起来,使地图数据既能满足公开出版的要求,又能兼顾建库的需要,提供了一个开放性的基础平台,是数字化向信息化、网络化方向发展的产物。  相似文献