Soil saturation index of salt marshes subjected to spring‐neap tides: a new variable for describing marsh soil aeration condition     

Pei Xin  Badin Gibbes  Ling Li  Zhiyao Song  David Lockington 《水文研究》2010,24(18):2564-2577

Organized spatial distribution of plants (plant zonation) in salt marshes has been linked to the soil aeration condition in the rhizosphere through simplistic tidal inundation parameters. Here, a soil saturation index (ratio of saturation period to tidal period at a soil depth) is introduced to describe the soil aeration condition. This new index captures the effects of not only the tidal inundation period and frequency but also the flow dynamics of groundwater in the marsh soil. One‐dimensional numerical models based on saturated flow with the Boussinesq approximations and a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow model were developed to explore the behaviour of this new soil aeration variable under the influence of spring‐neap tides. Simulations revealed two characteristic zones of soil aeration across the salt marsh: a relatively well aerated near‐creek zone and a poorly aerated interior zone. In the near‐creek zone, soils undergo periodic wetting and drying as the groundwater table fluctuates throughout the spring‐neap cycle. In the interior, the soil remains largely water saturated except for neap tide periods when limited drainage occurs. Although such a change of soil aeration condition has been observed in previous numerical simulations, the soil saturation index provides a clear delineation of the zones that are separated by an ‘inflexion point’ on the averaged index curve. The results show how the saturation index represents the effects of soil properties, tidal parameters and marsh platform elevation on marsh soil aeration. Simulations of these combined effects have not been possible with traditional tidal inundation parameters. The saturation index can be easily derived using relatively simple models based on five non‐dimensional variables. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Compositional Zoning of the Bishop Tuff   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

Hildreth  Wes; Wilson  Colin J. N. 《Journal of Petrology》2007,48(5):951-999

Compositional data for >400 pumice clasts, organized accordingto eruptive sequence, crystal content, and texture, providenew perspectives on eruption and pre-eruptive evolution of the>600 km³ of zoned rhyolitic magma ejected as the Bishop Tuffduring formation of Long Valley caldera. Proportions and compositionsof different pumice types are given for each ignimbrite packageand for the intercalated plinian pumice-fall layers that eruptedsynchronously. Although withdrawal of the zoned magma was lesssystematic than previously realized, the overall sequence displaystrends toward greater proportions of less evolved pumice, morecrystals (0·5–24 wt %), and higher FeTi-oxide temperatures(714–818°C). No significant hiatus took place duringthe 6 day eruption of the Bishop Tuff, nearly all of which issuedfrom an integrated, zoned, unitary reservoir. Shortly beforeeruption, however, the zoned melt-dominant portion of the chamberwas invaded by batches of disparate lower-silica rhyolite magma,poorer in crystals than most of the resident magma but slightlyhotter and richer in Ba, Sr, and Ti. Interaction with residentmagma at the deepest levels tapped promoted growth of Ti-richrims on quartz, Ba-rich rims on sanidine, and entrapment ofnear-rim melt inclusions relatively enriched in Ba and CO₂.Varied amounts of mingling, even in higher parts of the chamber,led to the dark gray and swirly crystal-poor pumices sparselypresent in all ash-flow packages. As shown by FeTi-oxide geothermometry,the zoned rhyolitic chamber was hottest where crystal-richest,rendering any model of solidification fronts at the walls orroof unlikely. The main compositional gradient (75–195ppm Rb; 0·8–2·2 ppm Ta; 71–154 ppmZr; 0·40–1·73% FeO*) existed in the melt,prior to crystallization of the phenocryst suite observed, whichincluded zircon as much as 100 kyr older than the eruption.The compositions of crystals, though themselves largely unzoned,generally reflect magma temperature and the bulk compositionalgradient, implying both that few crystals settled or were transportedfar and that the observed crystals contributed little to establishingthat gradient. Upward increases in aqueous gas and dissolvedwater, combined with the adiabatic gradient (for the 5 km depthrange tapped) and the roofward decline in liquidus temperatureof the zoned melt, prevented significant crystallization againstthe roof, consistent with dominance of crystal-poor magma earlyin the eruption and lack of any roof-rind fragments among theBishop ejecta, before or after onset of caldera collapse. Amodel of secular incremental zoning is advanced wherein numerousbatches of crystal-poor melt were released from a mush zone(many kilometers thick) that floored the accumulating rhyoliticmelt-rich body. Each batch rose to its own appropriate levelin the melt-buoyancy gradient, which was self-sustaining againstwholesale convective re-homogenization, while the thick mushzone below buffered it against disruption by the deeper (non-rhyolitic)recharge that augmented the mush zone and thermally sustainedthe whole magma chamber. Crystal–melt fractionation wasthe dominant zoning process, but it took place not principallyin the shallow melt-rich body but mostly in the pluton-scalemush zone before and during batchwise melt extraction. KEY WORDS: Bishop Tuff; ignimbrite; magma zonation; mush model; rhyolite  相似文献   

湘南铜山岭矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床矿物组合分带特征及温压条件研究     

黄旭栋  陆建军  高剑峰  章荣清  SIZARET Stanislas  马东升  王汝成 《矿床地质》2023,42(3):506-530

湘南铜山岭矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床产于铜山岭岩体北东缘隐伏接触带及其外围地层中,在成因上与铜山岭花岗闪长斑岩密切相关。铜山岭铜铅锌矿床具有独特的成矿分带,从岩体向外依次发育近端内矽卡岩、近端外矽卡岩、硫化物-石英脉和远端矽卡岩矿体。根据穿切关系、交代结构和矿物组合等地质特征可以把铜山岭铜铅锌矿床划分为4个矿化蚀变阶段,从早到晚依次为进变质矽卡岩、退变质矽卡岩、石英-硫化物和碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段。闪锌矿成分压力计研究表明,近端内矽卡岩型团块状硫化物矿石中闪锌矿的形成压力为(3.1±1.0)×108Pa,对应的成矿深度为6～12 km,相当于中—上地壳水平,说明铜山岭铜铅锌矿床形成于较大深度。近端内矽卡岩、近端外矽卡岩和远端矽卡岩中都存在两阶段绿泥石。绿泥石成分温度计研究表明,3类矽卡岩中退变质矽卡岩阶段绿泥石的形成温度分别为345～388℃、296～376℃和296～338℃,代表各类矽卡岩形成温度的下限;石英-硫化物阶段绿泥石的形成温度分别为270～318℃、209～238℃和200～223℃,代表各类矽卡岩矿体的成矿温度。3类矽卡岩的绿泥石温度表现出逐步降低的趋势,指...  相似文献   

基于高光谱数据的甘肃花西山金矿蚀变特征分析与找矿预测应用     

赵佳琪 《地质与勘探》2023,59(1):122-133

利用地物光谱仪识别具有光谱诊断性吸收特征的蚀变矿物,并分析其空间分布及组合特征,是后续利用航空、航天高光谱遥感开展找矿预测的重要理论依据。本文以位于甘肃柳园地区花牛山矿集区的花西山金矿床为例,首先利用FieldSpecPro FR便携式光谱仪对采集样品进行光谱测量,通过The Spectral Geologist 8软件对获得的光谱数据进行分析解译,揭示了与矿化关系密切的地表蚀变矿物为绢云母（白云母和多硅白云母）+黄钾铁矾+赤铁矿+针铁矿,外围蚀变矿物主要为绢云母（钠云母）+绿帘石+绿泥石+蒙脱石+水铝石。基于这一认识,对矿区及周边开展CASI/SASI航空高光谱遥感蚀变矿物信息提取,综合地表及航空高光谱解译信息,建立了花西山式金矿床的高光谱遥感找矿预测模型,并基于该找矿预测模型在外围圈定了预测区1处,经野外查证,预测区内发现有明显金异常。研究结果表明,在分析和总结调查区成矿地质背景和蚀变特征的基础上,结合高光谱遥感信息可快速地、更有针对性地发现成矿有利区段,为矿产勘查部署提供重要参考资料。  相似文献   

Relationship between garnet skarn and W mineralization: A case study from the Tongshankou Cu-Mo-W deposit,Daye, Hubei.SCIEI北大核心CSCD     

朱乔乔  谢桂青  纪云昊  李新昊  汪方跃 《岩石学报》2023,(6):1600-1618

石榴子石是矽卡岩型矿床的标志性矿物之一,其结构和成分特征被广泛用来示踪早期成矿流体性质的变化,但其生长过程与金属元素富集过程的关系还不清楚。本文对长江中下游成矿带最西端鄂东矿集区内的铜山口铜钼钨矿床中的石榴子石开展了显微结构和电子探针主量元素、LA-ICP-MS微量元素点分析和面扫描分析。结果显示,铜山口矿床中的石榴子石端元成分以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石为主,普遍含有一定量的W,特别是在钙铁榴石端元比例高的石榴子石中(可达3898×10-6),且W与Mo、As、Sn存在明显的正相关关系、与Ti存在一定的负相关关系,指示W以类质同象的方式进入石榴子石晶格。石榴子石可包裹结构简单的白钨矿或被具复杂结构的白钨矿交代,指示石榴子石记录了白钨矿形成前和形成过程中流体性质(氧逸度和W含量等)的变化。铜山口矿床中钙铁榴石的大量结晶,导致成矿早期W的大量分散,不利于高品位和大规模钨矿的形成,仅在这些钙铁榴石遭受强烈的退化蚀变时,释放的W在一定程度能够提高矿石的品位,这可能是氧化性矽卡岩型钨矿通常比还原性矽卡岩型钨矿品位低、规模小的重要原因。石榴子石的成分特征(如W、Sn等元素含量和W/Sn、W/Mo和W/As等比值)可以作为判断矽卡岩的氧化还原性和钨矿床的品位及规模的依据,并具有成为W、Mo和Sn等矿床的找矿勘查指示矿物的潜力。  相似文献   

江南钨矿带桂林郑富钼白钨矿稀土元素的富集机制及其地质意义     

任康达  张达玉  孟翔  张飞  王静  席晓晨  张泽伟  苏海博 《矿床地质》2022,41(4):859-877

桂林郑钼钨多金属矿床位于江南钨矿带北部,其矿石矿物以富钼白钨矿为主。研究显示,该矿床富钼白钨矿中富集稀土元素。为探究其富集机制,文章对不同世代的富钼白钨矿进行原位LA-ICP-MS微量分析和面扫描分析。结果显示,富钼白钨矿的总稀土元素含量（∑REE）在28.59×10^-6~4863.82×10^-6之间,均值为789.21×10^-6（n=122）,从第一世代（Sch-Ⅰ）28.59×10^-6~1059.18×10^-6（平均值为203.19×10^-6,n=55）→第二世代（Sch-Ⅱ）533.54×10^-6~2536.51×10^-6（平均值=928.79×10^-6,n=30）→第三世代（Sch-Ⅲ）117.21×10^-6~4863.82×10^-6（平均值=1547.13×10^-6;n=37）逐渐增高。从Sch-Ⅰ→Sch-Ⅱ→Sch-Ⅲ,轻重稀土元素比值（LREE/HREE）13.99~143.90（平均值=53.53）→22.38~70.08（平均值=33.74）→7.44~69.86（平均值=27.54）逐渐降低。桂林郑富钼白钨矿形成于高氧逸度、富F的岩浆热液系统,REE主要以Ca²⁺+Mo⁶⁺=REE³⁺+(1-x) Mo⁵⁺+xNb⁵⁺(0≤x≤1）为主导方式进入富钼白钨矿中。成矿流体中Cl降低、F增高、氧逸度降低等是REE进入富钼白钨矿的有利条件。通过对江南钨矿带代表性矽卡岩型矿床综合对比分析显示,富钼白钨矿床相比贫钼白钨矿床具有更高的REE,说明桂林郑矿床富钼白钨矿在后续开采中具有稀土元素的综合利用前景。  相似文献   

中国铜矿床成矿系列研究进展     

应立娟  唐菊兴 《矿床地质》2015,34(6):1309-1320

矿床成矿系列理论在中国经过三十多年的发展,已被广泛应用于找矿勘查实践。文章在以往矿床成矿系列研究的基础上,对中国铜矿床的成矿系列进行了补充与完善,厘定出30个以铜为特色的矿床成矿系列。结合全国地质与成矿演化,分析铜矿床成矿系列在主要地质历史时期的特点与时空分布规律,其中,前寒武纪7个铜矿床成矿系列,矿床类型以变质型和岩浆型为主;古生代8个铜矿床成矿系列,矿床类型以海相火山岩型为主;中生代13个铜矿床成矿系列和新生代2个铜矿床成矿系列,矿床类型均以斑岩型和矽卡岩型为主。西藏地区铜矿找矿突破显著,新增2个全国范围的铜矿床成矿系列。矿床成矿系列的复合,是中国铜矿床成矿系列研究的重要成果和特色。  相似文献   

新疆哈勒尕提矽卡岩型铁铜矿的地质特征及找矿意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

章幼惠 《地质与勘探》2015,51(4):610-618

哈勒尕提铁铜床矿位于西天山博罗科努Au、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo异常带中,矿区发现矽卡岩型铁铜和铅锌矿体15个。铜矿、铁矿已达中型,通过深部工程控制,初步查明全区(331+332+333)类资源量:铜金属量15.2959万t,铁矿石量1321.83万t,铅金属量2341 t,锌金属量12905 t;平均品位Cu1.09%、TFe 25.55%、Pb 1.03%、Zn 5.70%。伴生组分金属量:金2.64 t、银223 t、锌7.31万t。主矿体Ⅳ、Ⅵ体在空间上分布与大理岩小残留体的形态、产状有关,同时也是化探异常浓集中心、物探低缓磁异常分布交汇的部位以及矽卡岩最为发育的地段。主矿体赋存有明显的规律性。这些成矿的地质、物化探标志性特征,对该区寻找矽卡岩型矿床有重要指导意义。  相似文献   

江西九瑞地区东雷湾矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及稳定同位素地球化学研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

贾丽琼  徐文艺  杨丹  莫宣学  杨竹森  陈伟十  王梁 《岩石矿物学杂志》2015,34(2):184-204

对位于江西九瑞地区的东雷湾矽卡岩型铜钼金多金属矿床主成矿阶段(石英金属硫化物阶段)石英中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学和显微测温研究。结果表明,与成矿有关的包裹体类型主要有4类,成矿流体的均一温度和盐度主要集中于210~350℃和1%~9%,总体属于高中温、中低盐度流体体系。包裹体的气相成分以H2O和CO2为主,其次有N2、CO、O2,有少量CH4、C2H2;液相成分中,阳离子以Ca2+、K+、Na+为主,含少量Mg2+,阴离子以Cl-、SO2-4为主,含少量NO-3、NO-2,流体属于CO2-H2O-Na Cl-Ca Cl2(KCl)体系,计算所得离子浓度为3.1%~34.5%。氢、氧同位素特征显示,主成矿阶段成矿流体δ18OH2O值为0.93‰~5.20‰,δDV-SMOW值为-81‰~-64‰,表明成矿流体主要为岩浆水,有极少量大气降水混入。矿石硫化物的δ34SV-CDT‰值为-2.2‰~3.4‰,结合铅、铼同位素特征表明,东雷湾矿床的成矿物质主要来源于上地幔,同时有一定量的壳源物质混入。东雷湾矿床为热液交代矽卡岩型矿床,区域褶皱和断裂为成矿岩浆提供运移通道,岩浆侵位发育矽卡岩型岩浆流体系统,并伴随有Cu(Mo、Au等)矿化,最终形成矿床。  相似文献   

河南省栾川县红庄-元岭金矿床原生晕轴向分带特征及深部成矿远景评价     

周顶 《地质与勘探》2015,51(6):1126-1137

红庄-元岭金矿床位于豫西熊耳山金及多金属成矿带南亚带上,是近年来发现的中型金矿床。通过对该矿床地质特征、成晕元素共生组合及分带特征的研究,认为该区原生晕分带序列整体为正常序列,49号勘探线中存在前缘晕元素与近矿晕元素叠加共存的现象。地球化学参数反映了该区成矿具多期多阶段的特点,部分参数在深部有向高值转折的趋势,Au及近矿晕元素异常规模向深部具有增大趋势,表明深部有一定找矿潜力。结合原生晕轴向序列特征及地球化学参数、异常规模随深度的变化特征,认为浅部找矿的重点应放在海拔约400m以上,攻深找盲的重点应放在海拔300m以下。  相似文献