A COMPARISON OF HYDROLOGY AND VEGETATION BETWEEN A CHANNELIZED STREAM AND A NONCHANNELIZED STREAM IN WESTERN TENNESSEE     

Scott B. Franklin  Reza S. Pezeshki  Tanya L. Scheff  John A. Kupfer  Ryan A. Hanson  Randall W. Gentry 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):254-274

The purpose of this study was to provide baseline data on floodplain forest structure, composition, and function that would be needed to predict and monitor the consequences of a proposed stream restoration project. This project would involve the “dechannelization” of Stokes Creek, a stream in western Tennessee that was channelized and leveed in the first half of the 1900s. To this end, we collected data on surface hydrology, soil redox potential (Eh), and the structure and composition of the floodplain vegetation of Stokes Creek. To place our findings into a regional context, we also collected comparable vegetation data from plots located along a nonchannelized stream reach of the Wolf River near Moscow, Tennessee. While hydrologic fluctuations of floodplain sites were synchronous with river dynamics for the Wolf River, the hydrology of floodplain sites at Stokes Creek was constrained by the influence of beaver dams, backflooding, and ponding of overland flow behind levees. Consequently, composition of the forest overstory, understory, and herbaceous strata was significantly different between the two sites. For example, Stokes Creek had a noticeable lack of cypress and tupelo sites, and a greater abundance of red maple. Analyses of size-class structure and woody debris quantity reinforced the existing differences between the more natural and human-impacted systems. While the current hydrology apparently has a negative affect on bottomland hardwoods, scattered regeneration stems and soil redox measurements indicate that a dechannelization effort that yielded lower water tables in the Stokes Creek floodplain potentially could increase bottomland hardwood establishment. [Key words: channelization, western Tennessee, bottomland hardwoods, hydrology.]  相似文献   

Salt-influenced normal fault growth and forced folding: The Stavanger Fault System,North Sea     

《Journal of Structural Geology》2013

Displacement ratio (D_r) is the ratio between salt thickness (T_v) and sub-salt normal fault displacement (D) (D_r = T_v/D), and it is typically used to predict the degree of geometric and kinematic linkage between sub- and supra-salt fault populations, and the overall structural style in salt-influenced extensional settings. However, we currently lack natural examples of how D_r and the underlying geological controls vary, and how these may control the three-dimensional geometry and evolution of salt-influenced normal fault systems. Furthermore, it is currently unknown if kinematic coherence in salt-influenced extensional settings can be maintained over relatively long length-scales (10¹–10³ m) and for relatively long timeframes, and how this may impact the growth and geometry of large-throw (>500 m), salt-influenced normal fault systems. In this paper we use a 3600 km², high-quality 3D seismic reflection dataset and borehole data from the Stavanger Fault System (SFS), Egersund Basin, eastern North Sea Basin to investigate; (i) how pre-rift salt thickness (T_v) and sub-salt fault throw (T) control the structural style and evolution of a basin-bounding, salt-influenced normal fault system; and (ii) the role salt plays in maintaining kinematic coherence in normal fault systems. We demonstrate that; (i) pre-rift salt distribution (T_v), specifically its presence in the proto-footwall (i.e., when T_v > 0), is the primary control on partitioning of faulting and (forced) folding along the fault system, and the style of linkage (i.e., hard- or soft-linkage) between sub- and supra-salt fault populations; and (ii) sub- and supra-salt fault populations represent brittle elements of a single, geometrically and kinematically coherent structure, the geometry and evolution of which is related to the ductile translation of strain on a scale (up to 8 km) and duration (c. 65 Myr) that believe is significantly greater and longer than previously documented.  相似文献   

A geomorphic framework for understanding the surface archaeological record in arid environments     

《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):275-287

The Narcao and Cixerri basins in Southwestern Sardinia are east-west trending basins of Oligocene age. Recent geological mapping, combined with structural and stratigraphical analyses, support the proposed hypothesis that these basins were very open growth synclines confined within a structural high, delimited by northwest trending dextral strike slip faults. Previously the basins have been interpreted as fault-bounded grabens. The newer revised interpretation is consistent with the existence of NNW trending dextral strike-slip dynamic, related to a north-south shortening which has generated reverse faulting and tight folds in the underlying, pre-synclinal evolution, Eocene succession. This deformation, along with an interfering sub-orthogonal thrust and fold system which affects the Mesozoic sequence, was traditionally linked to the Pyrenean Orogenesis. The Oligocene–Aquitanian shortening, which resulted in the growth synclines and strike-slip faulting, is consistent with the structural development recognized in north-central Sardinia; there structures related to the collision between continental margins that resulted in the Northern Apennines are well documented. Therefore, the Oligocene tectonics of Southwestern Sardinia also must be related to the collision event between the Southern Europe margin (i.e. a crustal sector corresponding to the future Corsica-Sardinia block) and the Adria Plate, which generated the Northern Apennines. Conversely, the previous E-W shortening- related structures must be related to Pyrenean tectonics.  相似文献   

一种新型双缸互助折叠钻塔的设计思路及要点          下载免费PDF全文

马增福 《探矿工程》2013,40(4):36-38

介绍了一种新型双缸互助折叠钻塔的设计思路及要点。双缸互助折叠钻塔是为履带立轴式塔机一体岩心钻机配置的一组部件。钻塔折叠后满足运输长度,展开后满足施工高度。用双缸互助,将塔的上段翻转180?,实现塔的展开或塔的折叠。打钻前的展开、插销、起塔、塔的滑移着地,进入打钻状态,打钻结束后,塔的拆销,折叠,滑移,收、落塔,全过程的动作均为全液压驱动。达到整机方便移孔、方便运输、减少劳动力及辅助成本的目的。  相似文献   

云南大坪大型金多金属矿床叠加成矿作用地质、流体包裹体和稳定同位素证据   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

葛良胜 邓军李汉光  杨立强张文钊袁士松  邢俊兵 《岩石学报》2007,23(9):2131-2143

对云南元阳县大坪大型金多金属矿床矿脉地质特征、流体包裹体和稳定同位素的研究表明,矿区内大量的矿脉是叠加成矿的产物,空间上具有并置、侧列(现)、再现等复杂关系,成矿可分石英-黄铁矿(主要形成金矿化)和石英-方铅矿(主要形成铜铅银矿化,并叠加有金矿化)两个阶段共7个亚阶段。石英-黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体以个体小,数量多,杂乱分布为特征,以二相气液包裹体为主,均一温度变化区间为165℃～393℃,平均258℃;流体密度为0.648～0.7984g/cm~3,盐度变化为13.72%～18.96% NaCl eqv,平均17.13% NaCl eqv,捕获压力为64MPa 左右。流体为含 CO_2的 NaCl-H_2O 体系,在成分上相对富集 Na~ 、CI~ 、CH_4和 N_2、NO_3~-等组分,从早到晚,具有 Na~ 、Ca~(2 )、SO_ ~(2-)略有升高,而 K~ 有所降低的趋势。石英方铅矿阶段流体包裹体大小混杂,杂乱分布或呈线性排列,以 CO_2包裹体为主,并有二相气液和少量单相包裹体。均一温度177℃～372℃,平均284℃,流体密度为0.7413～0.9518g/cm~3,盐度变化为10.86%～21.26% NaCl eqv,平均14.16% NaCl eqv,捕获压力为60MPa 左右。流体属为 NaCI-H_2 O-CO_2体系,在成分上以相对富集 Na~ 、K~ 、SO_4~(2-)为特征,部分脉体的流体包裹体中还含有一定量的 Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )等离子。矿区不同(亚)阶段矿石氧同位组成总体变化较小(2.65‰～6.0‰),氢同位素组成变化较大(-120‰～-40‰),其中石英-黄铁矿阶段 H、O 同位素组成变化均较小,以岩浆源为主,而石英-方铅矿阶段氢同位素组成变化较大,表明有新的流体加入,但也以深源流体为主;石英-方铅矿阶段一个铁白云石的δ~(13)C 值为-4.81‰,而石英-黄铁矿阶段晚期方解石碳同位素组成变化为-2.79‰～-4.34‰,平均-3.75‰。不同矿脉黄铁矿、方铅矿的硫同位素组成变化范围为0.3～-4.4‰,其中石英一黄铁矿阶段为0.3‰～4.4‰,石英-方铅矿阶段为0.5～4.3‰,总体上与深源(地幔)碳、硫同位素组成基本一致。综合对比研究认为,大坪金多金属矿床为源于深部的多源成矿热液在同一容矿空间充填的结果,叠加成矿作用与区内长期的岩浆活动密切相关。矿床为中-高温热液硫化物-石英薄脉型金多金属矿床。  相似文献   

从单晶褶皱看斜方辉石流变学的特征     

嵇少丞 《大地构造与成矿学》2013,37(2)

迄今为止,上地幔流变学的研究主要集中于橄榄石单晶与多晶集合体的实验和野外观察,但对辉石的流变学特征知之甚少,虽然辉石亦是上地幔岩石的主要组成矿物.因此,查清斜方辉石的流变学行为、塑性变形机制、重结晶作用以及与其共生的橄榄石之间的流变强度差等,现已成为国际地学界研究的新的热点课题.新疆中天山南缘库米什地区的榆树沟高压变质地体中出现地幔超糜棱岩,其中带状拉伸的斜方辉石(En90)碎斑晶发生了强烈地弯滑褶皱,周围橄榄石(Fo90)重结晶成细粒(～10 μm)多晶基质.显微构造研究表明,单晶斜方辉石的褶皱主要通过单一的(100)[001]滑移进行的,而细粒重结晶橄榄石基质的变形机制则最可能以超塑性(颗粒边界滑移与扩散)为主.单晶斜方辉石发生弯滑褶皱,而不形成常见的膝折(Kinks),说明所处物理化学条件下斜方辉石晶体位错攀移与原子扩散并不足够活跃.此外,即使其晶格发生高达140.的旋转,斜方辉石依然没有发生光学显微镜下足以识别的重结晶结构,说明启动重结晶作用的临界剪切应变应不少于5.5.根据现有的层状材料的褶皱理论,推测榆树沟高压变质地体中地幔岩发生塑性变形时位错蠕变的斜方辉石的流动强度至少比相同条件下超塑性变形的细粒橄榄石多晶基质高近2个数量级.  相似文献   

四川龙泉山断裂带变形特征及其活动性初步研究   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  

王伟涛  贾东  李传友  郑文俊  魏占玉 《地震地质》2008,30(4):968-979

文中通过野外调查和地震反射剖面研究,获取了龙泉山断裂带的变形特征。龙泉山断裂带主逆冲断层位于龙泉山背斜的西翼,具有明显的分段性特征,北段与南段断层面倾向NW,断续分布;中段断层面倾向SE,形成典型的断层传播褶皱,并且断层已经沿背斜前翼膝折带的轴突破,形成贯通的突破断层。因此,中段构成了龙泉山断裂的主体。地貌对断裂活动性的响应表明龙泉山断裂早更新世—晚更新世有过一定的活动,晚更新世以来活动速率较低,且活动性具有从南向北逐渐减弱的趋势  相似文献   

利用砂体叠加部署聪明井提高勘探开发效果     

尹太举  张昌民  龚福华  陈程 《现代地质》2009,23(5):975-980

通过相应属性的叠加可提高油气勘探开发的分析效果,减少投资风险。在勘探中采用精细沉积微相分析技术,通过对勘探目标区各小层沉积微相分析,编制各层的砂体分布图,提取各层砂体中主力砂体,编制小层主力砂体的叠加图;通过对叠加图分析,确定优势储层分布区域,进行成藏风险评价,提高了布井效果。而在油田开发调整中,通过对各单层进行精细沉积微相分析,确定其平面分布特征,结合各成因砂体的控制和动用程度,确定成因砂体内的剩余油分布情况,进而确定剩余油富集砂体,并制作剩余油富集砂体叠加图,据此以成因砂体为单元部署高效聪明调整井,提高了油田的采收率和开发效果。  相似文献   

InSAR analysis of a blind thrust rupture and related active folding: the 1999 Ain Temouchent earthquake (M w 5.7, Algeria) case study     

Samir Belabbès  Mustapha Meghraoui  Ziyadin Çakir  Youcef Bouhadad 《Journal of Seismology》2009,13(4):421-432

We study the surface deformation associated with the 22 December 1999 earthquake, a moderate sized but damaging event at Ain Temouchent (northwestern Algeria) using Interferometric Satellite Aperture Radar images (InSAR). The mainshock focal mechanism solution indicates reverse faulting with a NE–SW trending rupture comparable to other major seismic events of this section of the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary. Previously, the earthquake fault parameters were, however, poorly known because no aftershocks were precisely determined and no coseismic surface ruptures were observed in the field. Using a pair of ERS data with small baseline and short temporal separation in the ascending orbit we obtained an interferogram that shows the coseismic surface displacement field despite poor coherence. The interferogram measures four fringes and displays an ellipse-shaped lobe with ∼11 cm peak line-of-sight displacement. The elastic modeling using a boundary element method (Poly3Dinv) indicate coseismic slip reaching up to 1 m at 5 km depth on the N 57° E trending, dipping 32° NW Tafna thrust fault. The geodetic estimate of seismic moment is 4.7 × 10¹⁷ N m. (Mw 5.7) in is good agreement with seismological results. The elliptical shape of the surface displacement field coincides with the NE–SW trending Berdani fault-related fold. The consistency between the geological observations and InSAR solution shed light on the precise earthquake location and related Tafna fault parameters.  相似文献   

Late Cenozoic Tectonics Along the Northwestern Margin of the Tarim Basin: Interactions Between the Tarim Basin and the Southern Tian Shan, West China     

Chen Jie  Qu Guosheng  Shen Jun  Edward Sobel  Nan Ling  Tian Qinjian  Yin Jinhui 《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)

LATE CENOZOIC TECTONICS ALONG THE NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF THE TARIM BASIN: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE TARIM BASIN AND THE SOUTHERN TIAN SHAN, WEST CHINAgrants 4 98340 50and 4 9732 0 90fromtheNSFofChina;;andproject96 913 0 7 0 1fromtheMinistryofSci enceandTechnology ,China…  相似文献