Lateral stress caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge strip loads on a cross‐anisotropic backfill     

Cheng‐Der Wang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2005,29(14):1341-1361

This study derives analytical solutions for estimating the lateral stress caused by horizontal and vertical surcharge strip loads resting on a cross‐anisotropic backfill. The following loading types are employed in this work: point load, line load, uniform strip load, upward linear‐varying strip load, upward nonlinear‐varying strip load, downward linear‐varying strip load and downward nonlinear‐varying strip load. The cross‐anisotropic planes are assumed to be parallel to the horizontal surface of the backfill. The solutions proposed herein have never been mentioned in previous literature, but can be derived by integrating the point load solution in a Cartesian co‐ordinate system for a cross‐anisotropic medium. The calculations by the presented solutions are quick and accurate since they are concise and systematized. Additionally, the proposed calculations demonstrate that the type and degree of material anisotropy and the horizontal/vertical loading types decisively influence the lateral stress. This investigation presents examples of the proposed horizontal and vertical strip loads acting on the surface of the isotropic and cross‐anisotropic backfills to elucidate their effects on the stress. The analytical results reveal that the stress distributions accounting for soil anisotropy and loading types are quite different from those computed from the available isotropic solutions. Restated, the derived solutions, as well as realistically simulating the actual surcharge loading circumstances, provide a good reference for the design of retaining structures for the backfill materials are cross‐anisotropic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2004年与2006年7~9月西北太平洋上空大尺度环流场与天气尺度波动的差别及其对热带气旋生成的影响   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

冯涛  黄荣辉  杨修群  沈新勇  胡开明 《大气科学》2016,40(1):157-175

2004年和2006年是西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)活动具有明显差别的两年,2004年TC的生成位置主要位于西北太平洋的中东部上空,而2006年的TC主要生成在西北太平洋西部与中国南海.本文利用JTWC(Joint Typhoon Warning Center)热带气旋最佳路径数据、NCEP-DOE AMIP-II再分析资料和NOAA的OLR资料分析并比较了2004年与2006年7~9月西北太平洋上空大尺度环境要素场及天气尺度波动对TC生成的作用.分析结果表明:2004年7~9月与2006年7~9月西北太平洋上空季风槽的平均位置没有明显的区别,但是形态有着显著的差异.2004年季风槽的槽线不明显,在西北太平洋中部呈现一显著的气旋式环流;而2006年季风槽的槽线非常明显,槽线南北两侧呈现平直的水平气流,具有明显的水平切变特征.2004年和2006年对流层低层的相对涡度、高层辐散和垂直风切变具有明显的纬向分布差异,这是这两年TC生成的位置具有明显差异的重要原因之 一.并且,本文还分析对比了2004年以及2006年7~9月西北太平洋上空3~8 d周期的天气尺度波动的活 动,其结果表明:2004年和2006年TC的生成大多数与天气尺度波列的活动有关.2004年的天气尺度波列强度比较强,其活动的位置位于西北太平洋中、东侧上空;而2006年西北太平洋上空的天气尺度波列相对较弱,主要活动于中国南海和西北太平洋西部.纬向基本气流的切变与辐合所引起的瞬变扰动动能倾向的水平分布差异是天气尺度波动活动具有以上差异的重要原因.因此,西北太平洋大尺度环境场与天气尺度波动活动的区别共同造成了2004年7~9月的TC生成位置偏东、而2006年7~9月TC的生成位置偏西.  相似文献   

Revisiting the second EOF mode of interannual variation in summer rainfall over East China     

Zhongda Lin  Qin Su  Riyu Lu 《大气科学进展》2016,33(1):121-134

The second EOF(EOF2) mode of interannual variation in summer rainfall over East China is characterized by inverse rainfall changes between South China(SC) and the Yellow River-Huaihe River valleys(YH).However,understanding of the EOF2 mode is still limited.In this study,the authors identify that the EOF2 mode physically depicts the latitudinal variation of the climatological summer-mean rainy belt along the Yangtze River valley(YRRB),based on a 160-station rainfall dataset in China for the period 1951-2011.The latitudinal variation of the YRRB is mostly attributed to two different rainfall patterns:one reflects the seesaw(SS) rainfall changes between the YH and SC(SS pattern),and the other features rainfall anomalies concentrated in SC only(SC pattern).Corresponding to a southward shift of the YRRB,the SS pattern,with above-normal rainfall in SC and below-normal rainfall in the YH,is related to a cyclonic anomaly centered over the SC-East China Sea region,with a northerly anomaly blowing from the YH to SC;while the SC pattern,with above-normal rainfall in SC,is related to an anticyclonic anomaly over the western North Pacific(WNP),corresponding to an enhanced southwest monsoon over SC.The cyclonic anomaly,related to the SS pattern,is induced by a near-barotropic eastward propagating wave train along the Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet,originating from the mid-high latitudes of the North Atlantic.The anticyclonic anomaly,for the SC pattern,is related to suppressed rainfall in the WNP.  相似文献   

从散射辐射传输成像到定量精细遥感的信息   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

金亚秋 《遥感学报》2016,20(5):768-774

星载遥感是电磁波与环境目标相互作用散射辐射传输获取数据图像,并进而反演诠释环境目标物理特征的信息技术。随着星载遥感多任务、多频段、多极化、高分辨率等多源多模式的发展与融合,星载遥感定量精细信息的需求提出了一系列新的信息链科学问题。本文概述本实验室在近十多年里在星载遥感领域的电磁散射辐射传输理论到定量精细遥感信息链的研究,包括：矢量辐射传输与星载微波遥感数据定标与验证（CAL/VAL）、极化电磁散射与全极化多模式合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像信息、高分辨率遥感与自动目标识别（ATR）技术、月球火星等外星遥感信息获取等。  相似文献   

高速铁路对城市网络结构的影响研究————基于铁路客运班列分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

焦敬娟  王姣娥  金凤君  王涵 《地理学报》2016,71(2):265-458

城市网络是近年来城市与区域研究的一个新方向.基于2003-2013年间8个横截面的中国铁路客运班列数据,采用加权度中心性和社区结构模型,探讨高速铁路建设对城市等级和集聚性空间格局及演化的影响.研究表明:① 基于铁路客运组织的城市等级结构呈现出位序--规模分布的特征和集聚性,且三大地带和各社区内城市也呈现出明显的位序--规模分布,随着高速铁路网络的扩展,加权度中心性的集聚性更明显,并逐步呈现出较为明显的层级结构和社区结构.② 城市等级结构呈现出明显的东中西地带性,廊道效应和经济,人口的耦合性,即基于铁路客运班列的城市等级结构与基于属性数据(人口/GDP)的结果表现出较大的相似性,但也存在一定的差异.城市社区结构与中国高速铁路网络,城市群的空间分布格局基本一致.随着高速铁路的建设,东中西三大地带间城市等级的差异呈扩大态势,但各社区间城市等级的差异呈缩小态势,部分社区核心城市已形成.  相似文献   

Distinct intensity of 10–30-day intraseasonal waves over the North Pacific between early and late summers          下载免费PDF全文

Lei Du  Riyu Lu 《大气和海洋科学快报》2022,15(4):100204

The authors’ previous study identified the wave trains of intraseasonal oscillations, which are mainly in the band of 10–30 days, over the North Pacific during summer. The wave trains are zonally oriented and trapped along the upper-tropospheric westerly jet, and accordingly gain energy mainly through baroclinic energy conversion. In this study, the authors investigate the distinct features of the wave trains between early summer (1 June to 7 July) and late summer (8 July to 31 August), considering that the westerly jet experiences a remarkable subseasonal variation over the North Pacific during summer—that is, the jet is much stronger in early summer than late summer. The results indicate that the wave trains are stronger in early summer compared with late summer. Further analysis suggests that, in early summer, the wave trains can obtain energy more efficiently from the basic flow; or more exactly, stronger westerlies through baroclinic energy conversion.摘要我们之前的研究工作表明, 夏季北太平洋上空存在主导周期为10-30天的季节内波列, 波列纬向分布于上层西风急流带中, 并通过斜压能量转换从基本气流获取能量得到发展和维持. 由于西风急流在前夏(6月1日–7月7日)明显强于后夏(7月8日–8月31日), 因而, 在本研究中, 我们着重研究了波列在前, 后夏的不同特征. 研究结果表明, 波列强度在前夏明显强于后夏, 其原因在于波列在前夏能够通过斜压能量转换从更强的西风中获取更多的能量.  相似文献   

雅安一次极端强降水的超级单体风暴特征及成因分析          下载免费PDF全文

邱双 《中低纬山地气象》2022,46(2)

2020年8月10日-11日雅安市出现了一次区域大暴雨天气过程,其中芦山县出现了特大暴雨,此次特大暴雨天气过程,持续时间长,最大累积降水量、最大小时雨强较大,均突破了历史极值,具有较强的极端性。通过分析雷达回波可知,此次极端强降水由强降水超级单体风暴的稳定少动造成,本文根据雅安市365个区域自动站雨量数据、micaps实况资料、雷达以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等资料,分析其产生的原因：（1）行星尺度和天气尺度系统稳定少动,低层夜间低层急流发展,输送暖湿平流,有利于对流不稳定层结的建立,为强降水超级单体风暴的发生提供了有利的环流条件。（2）地面到低层的假相当位温异常偏高,有利于对流不稳定的进一步发展,在强对流风暴附近还存在中尺度的假相当位温的密集区,锋区的动力强迫生成的次级环流有利于低层不稳定能量和水汽向高层输送,同时也触发不稳定能量的释放,产生较强的上升运动。（3）强的垂直风切变以及大的对流有效位能有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发生和维持其有组织的程度。（4）水汽条件异常也是此次强降水超级单体风暴的重要原因。（5）极端的高能高湿的大气状态下,边界层的中尺度辐合线是触发此次强降水超级单体风暴的直接原因,并且受地形的阻挡作用,强降水超级单体稳定少动,造成了此次极端强降水的发生。  相似文献   

Cause of Extreme Heavy and Persistent Rainfall over Yangtze River in Summer 2020     

Xiao PAN  Tim LI  Ying SUN  Zhiwei ZHU 《大气科学进展》2021,38(12):1994-2009

Record-breaking heavy and persistent precipitation occurred over the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) in June-July (JJ) 2020. An observational data analysis has indicated that the strong and persistent rainfall arose from the confluence of southerly wind anomalies to the south associated with an extremely strong anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific (WNPAC) and northeasterly anomalies to the north associated with a high-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia. A further observational and modeling study has shown that the extremely strong WNPAC was caused by both La Ni?a-like SST anomaly (SSTA) forcing in the equatorial Pacific and warm SSTA forcing in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO). Different from conventional central Pacific (CP) El Ni?os that decay slowly, a CP El Ni?o in early 2020 decayed quickly and became a La Ni?a by early summer. This quick transition had a critical impact on the WNPAC. Meanwhile, an unusually large area of SST warming occurred in the tropical IO because a moderate interannual SSTA over the IO associated with the CP El Ni?o was superposed by an interdecadal/long-term trend component. Numerical sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that both the heating anomaly in the IO and the heating anomaly in the tropical Pacific contributed to the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC. The persistent high-pressure anomaly in Northeast Asia was part of a stationary Rossby wave train in the midlatitudes, driven by combined heating anomalies over India, the tropical eastern Pacific, and the tropical Atlantic.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal dynamics of bacterial contamination in South France coastal rivers: focus on in‐stream processes during low flows and floods          下载免费PDF全文

Y. Chu  M. G. Tournoud  C. Salles  P. Got  J. L. Perrin  C. Rodier  A. Caro  M. Troussellier 《水文研究》2014,28(8):3300-3313

Faecal indicator bacteria (thermotolerant coliform and faecal streptococci) were enumerated in a Mediterranean coastal river to evaluate bacterial contamination levels in relation to hydrological conditions, to estimate delivery of bacterial loads to transitional and coastal waters (Thau lagoon) and to identify bacterial sources of pollution and their contribution to the bacterial flow. Results showed that (1) in low flow conditions, mean bacterial concentrations were higher than EU guidelines for bathing waters; (2) floods had higher concentrations of indicator bacteria than low flows; (3) low flow conditions represented a negligible proportion of bacterial loads compared with high flow and flood periods; (4) during medium and low flow conditions, bacteria were stored in riverbed fine sediments forming in‐stream stores that may be flushed during floods; (5) the first flush effect was highlighted during an early autumn flood as was the role of in‐stream stores during the course of the flood; and (6) point sources that continuously feed the river are contributing to the pool of bacteria accumulated in the riverbed sediment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamic loads during the deployment of ROVs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. Sayer   《Ocean Engineering》2008,35(1):41-46

Offshore operators understandably seek to operate remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) for as long as possible and in the widest range of sea conditions. Accurate predictions of the hydrodynamic loads are important at the design stage as well as in operation, particularly during the launch and recovery phases when snatching of the tether may occur. There is some speculation that calculation methods currently advocated in guidelines lead to an over-estimation of the hydrodynamic forces and consequently to unduly restrictive operability constraints. The present paper has measured wave forces on a 1/8 scale model of a widely used ‘workclass’ ROV, as well as on a solid box of similar envelope dimensions, and compared these against Morison's equation using coefficients derived from three methods. It is concluded that simple linear theory using total (substantive) derivatives, together with a Morison coefficient C_m≈1.5, can provide good estimates of the loading even in waves of quite high steepness, perhaps for height-to-wavelength ratios up to 0.08; i.e., in practice, up to wave breaking.  相似文献