非洲沿海国家海洋渔业资源开发利用现状   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

房俊晗  任航  罗莹  张振克 《热带地理》2019,39(2):288-297

根据联合国粮农组织提供的1950-2015年非洲渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级（Trophic level, TL）以及Sea Around Us Project Database提供的海洋无脊椎动物营养级,探讨了1950-2015年北非、东非、南非、中非和西非的沿海国家渔获物平均营养级（Mean trophic level, MTL）的变化情况,以此来判定非洲沿海国海洋渔业资源的开发利用现状。结果表明：非洲沿海国家的海洋渔业资源开采大致经历开发不足、快速开发、过度开发阶段,1984-1991年,北非地区的海洋渔业资源遭到一定程度的破坏,高营养级渔业资源渔获量减少了33.5%,MTL由3.44降低到3.25;东非地区渔获量较其他4个区域低,目前,大部分鱼类资源处于充分捕捞利用状态;南非地区在21世纪初发生“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象,2004-2015年,MTL恢复小幅上升趋势,渔业均衡指数（Fishing-in-balance index, FIB）趋于平稳;2013-2015年,中非地区的MTL与FIB均呈下降趋势,说明产量的增加速度不足以弥补营养级的降低,生态系统结构功能开始遭到破坏;1950-2015年,西非地区的渔获量不断增加,从上世纪60年代开始,过度捕捞现象愈加严重,低营养级鱼类数量占比呈先减少后增加趋势,2001-2012年,MTL波动下降,FIB平稳变化,说明MTL的下降由产量的增加而抵消。21世纪以来,部分北非、南非与西非沿海国家加强了资源管理,渔业资源状况有所好转。研究认为：渔获物平均营养级的下降主要由过度捕捞引起,非洲国家的管理不力加重了过度捕捞现象,建议非洲各国尽快建立起基于渔获物统计的海洋渔业资源实时监测系统,以便掌握捕捞活动下的鱼类群落结构的变动情况。  相似文献   

基于弃渣综合利用的矿山泥石流灾害防治新模式——以冕宁盐井沟泸沽铁矿为例     

陈宁生  佘德彬 《山地学报》2019,(1):78-85,108

冕宁县盐井沟受泸沽铁矿的开采所影响,流域内留存有大量矿山弃渣,在历史上曾造成严重的泥石流灾害。原有的防灾方式主要依靠沟道内修建的导流堤、拦砂坝等工程措施,但需要政府每年投入大量资金进行沟道清淤,无法根治灾害。新的防灾模式则通过综合利用泸沽铁矿的弃渣,在生产建筑砂石料的同时回收其中的铁矿粉,并利用弃土回填实现复垦和生态改良。上述措施不仅能有效减少盐井沟内松散物源的堆积,降低地质灾害风险,同时也能为企业创造利润、增加政府财政收入及促进地居民的就业,还间接地减少了河道砂石的开采、减轻了对河道生态环境的破坏,起到了减灾、增收、环保的多重效果。这种循环经济理念下的防灾新模式可试推广至其他受矿渣堆积地质灾害影响的地区。  相似文献   

Quantifying the Degree of Water Resource Utilization Polarization: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin     

GU Shijie  LU Chunxia  QIU Jingen 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2019,10(1):21-28

The overexploitation of water resources has a substantial influence on their sustainable utilization and the ecological environment in a river basin. Quantification of the development and utilization of water resources plays an important role in guiding the rational utilization of water resources. Based on this, this paper develops the concept of water resource utilization polarization (WRUP) in order to qualitatively analyze whether water resources are being overexploited in the process of utilization. An index model of WRUP was built to quantify the degree of water resources overexploitation. In addition, taking seven secondary basins of the Yellow River as examples, the available quantity, overdraft and polarization indexes of surface water and groundwater resources were calculated. The results show that there are 34.49×10⁸ m³ of surface water available, which accounts for 56.21% of the total surface water volume. A total of 5.84×10⁸ m³ of groundwater is available, which is 58.74% of the total groundwater resources. We also found that the water resources are heavily overexploited and that there is extensive polarization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The highest polarization of water resources occurs from Lanzhou to Toudaoguai where the polarization index is 19.88 and from Longmen to Sanmenxia where it is 11.81. There is no polarization above Longyangxia or from Toudaoguai to Longmen. Overall, the polarization of water resources is 7.95 over the entire Yellow River area. These results provide a reference for the availability of water resources that can be used to determine the degree of overexploitation of the water resources in the Yellow River.  相似文献   

Response-based environmental conditions for the design of steel catenary risers     

《Applied Ocean Research》2018

This work presents a semi-analytical methodology to select design environmental conditions based on long-term cross-section utilization ratios at the TDZ (Touchdown Zone) for steel catenary risers. This approach uses simplified analytical models to calculate time series of short-term utilization ratios, defined according to the DnV-OS-F201 (2010) standard. After processing these time series, long-term utilization ratios can be determined with relatively low computational cost. By evaluating long-term utilization ratios, it is possible to define short-term design environmental conditions, defined as short-term conditions for which the extreme riser responses are equal to the long-term ones. This kind of methodology may represent a substantial change to the traditional focus given to riser design, which is based on responses obtained from extreme environmental conditions, instead of on the extreme responses.  相似文献   

海洋资源资产负债表编制初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

赵梦  梁湘波  彭洪兵 《海洋开发与管理》2018,35(3):28-31

编制自然资源资产负债表是生态文明体制改革的重要内容。海洋自然资源是支撑海洋生态文明建设和海洋强国战略顺利实施的基础。编制海洋自然资源资产负债表编制对摸清海洋家底,促进海洋经济绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。文章研究了海洋资源资产负债表编制的意义,分析了目前编制海洋资源资产负债表中内涵不明确、分类体系不完善等问题,在此基础上,从海洋资源资产负债表编制的目标,核算方法及编制对象等方面探讨海洋资源资产负债表的编制方法。  相似文献   

基于高空间分辨率遥感影像的港口区集约利用监测与评估——以渤海5个典型港区为例          下载免费PDF全文

李序春  徐惠民  索安宁 《应用海洋学学报》2019,38(1):126-134

采用高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像,建立了面向对象的港口空间格局遥感监测技术流程,构建出码头指数、堆场指数、港池指数、深水岸线指数、港口效率指数,用来定量描述港口空间组成与使用效能.并选取营口鲅鱼圈港区、锦州港区、京唐港区、烟台龙口港区、烟台芝罘港区5个渤海典型港口为例,开展了实证研究.结果显示:渤海区域港口码头岸线与码头、堆场、港池的平均基本比例为1. 00∶6. 96∶51. 85∶66. 05,营口鲅鱼圈港区的堆场和港池、锦州港区的堆场以及京唐港区的码头、堆场和港池面积比例均已超过区域平均值.渤海地区5个典型港区都有较大的提升空间,营口鲅鱼圈港区、京唐港区、锦州港区、烟台芝罘港区和烟台龙口港区分别有8 722、9 587、5 940、6 909、8 795万t的吞吐量潜力可供挖掘.  相似文献   

王家尾矿库细粒尾矿胶结性能研究          下载免费PDF全文

魏健  王志明  王丽  张红亮  周鑫  殷继广 《山东国土资源》2018,34(5)

为探索焦家金矿细粒尾矿胶结工艺,对尾矿进行整体利用,以焦家金矿王家尾矿库尾矿样为原料,进行了胶结工艺研究。结合尾矿化学成分分析、主要矿物组成分析和粒度分析等结果,进行了塌落度与扩展度试验、沉降试验、尾矿胶结试验等研究,最终确定矿浆浓度为76%,灰砂比为1∶12时,28 d强度可达到1.78 MPa,其中7天强度可达到1.02 MPa,满足上向进路充填采矿法充填强度要求;在灰砂比为1∶6的条件下,28 d抗压强度在浓度72%以上时可达到4.00 MPa以上,满足下向进路充填法假顶强度4 MPa的强度要求。  相似文献   

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用的回顾与展望     

王秀良  张全斌  段德麟 《海洋科学》2020,44(7):10-15

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用是海洋农牧业及工业的重要组成部分。20世纪经过几代人的努力,我国在海带、紫菜、裙带菜及龙须菜的繁育、养殖关键技术等方面成功取得突破,为这些海藻的产业化提供坚实的保障,为我国成为世界海藻大国奠定了基础。海藻养殖产业为人们提供了食品、藻胶及其它丰富的产品,这包括保健品、功能食品、化妆品及药物等。海藻养殖产业也对人类经济、社会的发展起到重要作用,通过吸收环境中的二氧化碳、氮和磷,为海洋生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。本文对我国海藻繁育、养殖及综合开发的历程进行简要回顾,对当前我国、中国科学院海洋研究海藻研究与应用进行了总结,对海藻研究发展的未来进行了展望;适应海藻产业从量向质的方向转变,同时兼顾生态环境效益,为我国海藻研发及应用提供参考。  相似文献   

条斑紫菜丙酮酸羧化酶基因表达对不同碳源的响应     

刘雪莹  王广策  张宝玉  宫相忠 《海洋科学》2022,46(12):138-147

丙酮酸羧化酶(pyruvatecarboxylase,PYC)在非光合生物中催化丙酮酸羧化生成草酰乙酸(oxaloacetate,OAA),作为糖异生的第一步,在动物维持代谢稳态中具有重要作用。研究发现,PYC在光合生物中也发挥重要作用。为了探究PYC在潮间带大型海藻中的作用,我们从条斑紫菜叶状体中扩增获得PYC基因全长序列(命名为PyPYC),并分析了其序列特征。通过对系统进化树分析表明PyPYC与来自细菌的PYC具有较近亲缘关系。针对条斑紫菜叶状体生长环境所面临的碳源变化,设置了不同类型和不同浓度的无机碳培养条件,采用实时荧光定量(RT-qPCR)检测了该基因对这些无机碳源的响应。结果表明,高浓度的CO₂能显著上调PyPYC基因的表达,而高浓度的HCO₃^-对其影响较小。由此,我们初步认为,当紫菜叶状体暴露在空气中时, PYC在其无机碳利用中发挥一定作用。  相似文献   

Impacts of climate variability and landscape pattern change on evapotranspiration in a grassland landscape mosaic     

Deyong Yu  Xiaoyuan Li  Qian Cao  Ruifang Hao  Jianmin Qiao 《水文研究》2020,34(4):1035-1051

Evapotranspiration (ET), a key component of the hydrological cycle, affects the transport of water and energy in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system. Thus, quantifying the driving forces of ET dynamics is important to ensure rational water resource utilization. Based on meteorological and satellite data, spatiotemporal dynamics of ET were detected using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model, and effects of climate variability and landscape pattern change on ET dynamics in an arid to semiarid landscape mosaic during the growing season (April-October) from 2001 to 2015 in Xilingol League, China were evaluated. The results indicated that (a) a significant increase (P < .05) in ET was found in the north-eastern Xilingol League, and a significant decrease (P < .05) in ET was confined to the southwest and (b) climate variability had significant effects on ET dynamics. All climatic factors showed a positive correlation relationship with ET dynamics, and mean temperature (Ta) was the most influential climatic factor on ET dynamics followed by relative humidity (Rh), wind speed (Ws), and precipitation (Pr), respectively. The influence of landscape pattern change on ET dynamics was mainly reflected in the increase of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) promoting ET dynamics. Several other landscape pattern metrics also had important impacts on ET dynamics, which were mainly reflected in the positive effect of the aggregation index (AI) on ET dynamics and the negative effects of the largest patch index (LPI), edge density (ED), and percentage of landscape (PLAND) on ET dynamics. To promote effective water resource utilization, landscape managers should continue to moderately implement vegetation restoration projects such as the Grain for Green Project, orient with conversion of low-quality cropland into grassland, and conserve large areas of grassland. Appropriate management measures for forests and cropland scattered in the landscape mosaic, based on local climate and soil properties, as well as socioeconomic goals, are also required.  相似文献