From incipient island arc to doubly‐vergent orogen: A review of geodynamic models and sedimentary basin‐fills of southern Central America          下载免费PDF全文

Christian Brandes  Jutta Winsemann 《Island Arc》2018,27(5)

Southern Central America is a Late Mesozoic/Cenozoic island arc that evolved in response to the subduction of the Farallón Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate in the Late Cretaceous and, from the Oligocene, the Cocos and Nazca Plates. Southern Central America is one of the best studied convergent margins in the world. The aim of this paper is to review the sedimentary and structural evolution of arc‐related sedimentary basins in southern Central America, and to show how the arc developed from a pre‐extensional intra‐oceanic island arc into a doubly‐vergent, subduction orogen. The Cenozoic sedimentary history of southern Central America is placed into the plate tectonic context of existing Caribbean Plate models. From regional basin analysis, the evolution of the southern Central American island arc is subdivided into three phases: (i) non‐extensional stage during the Campanian; (ii) extensional phase during the Maastrichtian‐Oligocene with rapid basin subsidence and deposition of arc‐related, clastic sediments; and (iii) doubly‐vergent, compressional arc phase along the 280 km long southern Costa Rican arc segment related to either oblique subduction of the Nazca plate, west‐to‐east passage of the Nazca–Cocos–Caribbean triple junction, or the subduction of rough oceanic crust of the Cocos Plate. The Pleistocene subduction of the Cocos Ridge contributed to the contraction but was not the primary driver. The architecture of the arc‐related sedimentary basin‐fills has been controlled by four factors: (i) subsidence caused by tectonic mechanisms, linked to the angle and morphology of the incoming plate, as shown by the fact that subduction of aseismic ridges and slab segments with rough crust were important drivers for subduction erosion, controlling the shape of forearc and trench‐slope basins, the lifespan of sedimentary basins, and the subsidence and uplift patterns; (ii) subsidence caused by slab rollback and resulting trench retreat; (iii) eustatic sea‐level changes; and (iv) sediment dispersal systems.  相似文献   

饱和地基中空沟近场隔振的现场试验与二维半解析边界元分析          下载免费PDF全文

孙连勇  时刚  崔新壮  卢晓峰  宋洋  王兴云  甘晓丽 《世界地震工程》2020,(2):229-240

动力机器运行和车辆行驶等会产生振动污染,危及邻近建筑物安全和干扰精密仪器设备正常运行等。这些振动污染可通过在地基中设置空沟的方式来降低或消除。针对饱和地基上明置动力机器基础的环境振动影响及空沟近场隔振问题,进行了饱和地基上空沟近场隔振的现场试验,并对试验结果进行了无量纲化分析;基于饱和土半解析边界元法,分别推导了动力机器基础环境振动影响和空沟近场隔振的边界元方程;在此基础上,详细研究了空沟对动力机器基础振动影响的隔振效果,分析了空沟深度、宽度和距振源距离对其隔振效果的影响。结果表明:空沟能够有效的降低动力机器基础的环境振动影响;空沟宽度对其隔振效果影响相对较小,而空沟深度对其隔振效果影响较大,为获得较好的隔振效果,空沟深度建议取1倍Rayleigh波波长;空沟距振源距离对其隔振效果也有较大影响,距离越远则隔振效果也越好,当被保护建筑距振源较远时,建议空沟在被保护建筑附近设置。此外,在某些特殊情况下,空沟隔振系统会由于共振现象而出现隔振效果劣化的现象,在工程设计中应予以注意。  相似文献   

Sequential radiocarbon measurement of bulk peat for high-precision dating of tsunami deposits     

《Quaternary Geochronology》2017

Dates of tsunami deposits have been used to estimate paleotsunami recurrence intervals in areas affected by these natural events. The depositional age of tsunami deposits is commonly constrained by the radiocarbon (¹⁴C) dating of sediments above and below the geological event. However, because of calibration curve fluctuations, the depositional age sometimes has a wide error range. In this study, we conducted millimeter-scale high-resolution radiocarbon measurements of tsunami deposits at Urahoro in southern Hokkaido, Japan. The site faces the Pacific Ocean along the Kuril Trench. Eight event deposits were identified within peat at this site. We took sequential measurements for ¹⁴C dating using bulk peat samples. The results were validated based on comparison with the absolute and radiometric ages of tephra layers. Dating results were further constrained by stratigraphic order using statistical methods. We constrained the depositional age of the paleotsunami deposits better using this method than we did when using conventional methods. We proposed an efficient measurement strategy with respect to the radiocarbon calibration curve. This method is also applicable for other deposits formed by any natural hazard if bulk peat is obtainable so it can contribute to better hazard assessment worldwide.  相似文献   

太山龙泉寺舍利塔边坡地震稳定性研究          下载免费PDF全文

丁学文  李国珍  丁志平  李申  冯凯宇 《地震工程学报》2020,42(6):1632-1640,1722

为了研究太原市太山龙泉寺拟建舍利塔边坡稳定性,对所在场地及外围地形地貌、地层、地质构造、水文条件进行了调查。结合7个探井,确定了塔址所在场地的土质边坡体可能失稳的模式,进行了边坡稳定性分析、计算。结果表明,场地在自然状态下边坡稳定系数为1.37,在烈度为Ⅷ、Ⅸ度地震影响下边坡稳定系数分别为1.24、1.15。根据《建筑边坡工程技术规范》（GB50330-2013）,塔址所在边坡是稳定的,不必对边坡进行处理;其次结合3个探槽揭露,发现场地北侧基岩边坡曾发生过滑动,据其滑动面倾角、滑动量及错断地层特征,认为是一种特殊边坡变形破坏-岩体错落,为崩塌与滑坡之间的中间类型,从现存的地形地貌特征分析,现阶段错落体已趋于基本稳定状态,稳定性较好;最后给出了预防边坡滑动的建议和措施,研究结果可为其他类似边坡场地地震稳定性研究提供参考借鉴。  相似文献   

郯庐断裂带安徽太湖段第四纪新活动研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵朋  郑海刚  姚大全  杨源源  黄显良  方震 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(12):1251-1255

郯庐断裂带太湖段位于东大别的东侧,为东大别与山前盆地的构造界线,遥感影像上断层线性特征清晰。在太湖-桐城一带开展了多次野外地质调查和探槽工作,其中太湖小池镇殷家上屋探槽显示,断层带发育有较软的断层泥,断层向上延伸入中更新世棕红色蠕虫状亚粘土中,OSL和ESR样品测试结果表明,断层在中更新世有过较强的活动。桐城挂车河镇洪老屋断层剖面显示断层错断了早中更新世砾石层,断层下部发育有新鲜的断层泥,ESR样品测试结果同样表明断层在中更新世有过较强活动。综合分析认为,郯庐断裂带太湖段在早中更新世仍有过较强活动,最新活动时代为中更新世(Q2),这或是该地区地震活动以中小地震为主的一个构造背景因素。  相似文献   

Atacama Field Campaign: laboratory and in-situ measurements for remote sensing applications     

Cristian Mattar  Andrés Santamaría-Artigas  Flavio Ponzoni  Cibele T. Pinto  Carolina Barrientos  Glynn Hulley 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2019,12(1):43-61

This work presents the preliminary results of the first field calibration campaign performed in the Atacama Desert, Chile, between the 18 and 22 August 2014, called the Atacama Field Campaign (ATAFIC 2014). In situ measurements were performed in order to spectrally characterize the surface reflectance spectra between 0.3 and 2.5?µm, radiometric temperature (8.0–14.0?µm) and atmospheric measurements. A soil sample was collected and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction techniques to characterize the surface reflectance spectra and mineralogical composition, respectively. ASTER land surface emissivity in addition to GOES, MODIS and Landsat-8 land surface temperature (LST) were also used. Results showed that the spectral features of the Atacama soil and the characteristics of this geographical zone, which is featured as the most hyper-arid and cloudless place in the world, make this area a potential target for surface reflectance characterization. Day and night LST comparison between field and remote sensing data are lower than 2?K and the Root Mean Square Error for land surface emissivity is close to 2%. This work opens the possibilities to consider the Atacama Desert as a reference target for calibration and validation activities for earth observation missions’ purposes.  相似文献   

涞源龙门金多金属矿普查绿色勘查实践          下载免费PDF全文

张万河  和新  郝国利  刘成  张淼鑫  杨永超 《探矿工程》2020,47(7):73-77

河北省涞源县龙门金多金属矿普查工作,贯彻绿色勘查理念,对槽探工程、老硐清理、钻探工程按《绿色勘查指南》进行了专项设计并付诸实施。槽探工程施工挖掘的腐植土和碎石就近分开堆放并遮盖,待项目验收合格后,回填腐植土和碎石,最后平整并绿化;老硐清理出的碎石选择离硐口较近的相对平坦的地方堆放,并做好防护工作,最后覆土绿化;钻进工程采用清水和环保泥浆做冲洗液,金刚石单管和绳索取心钻进,提高了效率,减少了对地质环境的影响。机台建设占地少,施工过程中避免油污等的外溢,项目竣工验收后地貌恢复采用植草、自然恢复等绿化方法。绿色勘查充分贯彻了绿水青山就是金山银山的绿色发展理念。  相似文献   

Coastal boulder deposit as evidence of an ocean-wide prehistoric tsunami originated on the Atacama Desert coast (northern Chile)     

Manuel Abad  Tatiana Izquierdo  Miguel Cáceres  Enrique Bernárdez  Joaquín Rodriguez-Vidal 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1505-1528

A Late Holocene cliff-top deposit of large boulders well above the limits of modern storm waves is described from the southern coast of the Atacama Desert (northern Chile). The largest moved boulder weighs >40 t and field data point to a flood height >18·5 m above high tide level and an inland penetration greater than 284 m from the cliff edge. The minimum flow velocity needed for particle entrainment was estimated as 10·1 ms⁻¹ and the most likely processes of sediment deposition for different boulders were deduced. The boulder distribution, sorting and orientation of imbricated debris, together with the significant wave height of extreme storms reported and the occurrence of interplate earthquakes in the study area indicate that the deposit records a single event, interpreted here as a tsunami wave train rather than exceptional storm waves. The boulder field was dated to between the 13th and the 16th Centuries ce and possibly correlates with the 1420 Oei orphan tsunami, that affected the eastern coast of Japan. A magnitude of 8·8 to 9·4 has been estimated for the earthquake, which may be one of the larger events of a super-cycle of earthquakes in the southern Atacama Desert. These cycle-ending earthquakes involve large rupture areas (lengths in excess of 600 km) and highly destructive ocean-wide tsunamigenic events.  相似文献   

Lithospheric flexural modelling of the seaward and trenchward of the subducting oceanic plates     

Jiangyang Zhang  Zhen Sun 《International Geology Review》2020,62(7-8):908-923

ABSTRACT

Based on a two-segment plate flexural modelling, we investigated the effective elastic thickness of global subducting oceanic lithosphere. Our results show that for the plate age of 0 to 50 Ma, the seaward effective elastic thickness T _e ^M values are located between 600 and 900°C isotherms, and do not track any isotherm, while the majority of the trenchward effective elastic thickness T _e ^m values are located between 300 and 600°C isotherms. For the plate age older than 50 Ma, T _e ^M values basically matches the 600°C isotherm with some fluctuations for the age older than 110 Ma, while T _e ^m values mainly fall between 200 and 400°C isotherms. The reduction in effective elastic thickness (T _e ^M-T _e ^m) varies from 2.6 to 30.1 km, or 11–68% of seaward T _e ^M. Thus, the absolute value of the decrease in the effective elastic thicknesses (T _e ^M-T _e ^m) increases with the plate age, while the percentage reduction in the effective elastic thickness (1-T _e ^m/T _e ^M) has no obvious relationship with the age, but more related to the curvature of bending plate. Almost all bending-related earthquakes occurred above the T _e ^M line, but many normal-faulting earthquakes are deeper than the T _e ^M-T _e ^m line, implying that the plate may still retain some thickness of an elastic property core in the areas (depth) where earthquakes occur.  相似文献   

水位变化对多空沟屏障远场隔振效果的影响研究     

李建平  张晓磊  冯世进 《岩土力学》2020,41(9):3131-3138

受季节性降雨的影响,雨季和旱季存在明显的水位波动。为分析地下水位升降对多空沟隔振效果的影响,建立了上覆单相弹性层饱和地基中空沟有限元分析模型。模型中考虑了沟中水的作用,算例分析了等沟深和不等沟深多沟屏障、沟壁倾斜多沟屏障和连续起伏地形屏障在不同水位下的远场隔振效果。计算结果与相应单相弹性地基进行对比,结果表明：土体渗透性低时,多数水位下不利于多沟屏障隔振;沟深为0.3LR（LR为R波波长）的三沟屏障通常可获得较理想的隔振效果（75%隔振率）,但屏障在隔振效果最差的共振水位(0.6LR)下,空沟须贯穿上覆干土层才可获得75%隔振率;递减沟深屏障可有效降低上覆土层共振的不利影响;沟深较浅时,沟壁倾角越大,多沟的隔振效果越好,但对较深多沟的影响小;连续起伏的地形景观可作为一种有效的绿色隔振屏障。  相似文献