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11.
Spatial and temporal distributions of the trends of extreme precipitation indices were analysed between 1986 and 2005, over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The knowledge of the patterns of extreme precipitation is important for impacts assessment, development of adaptation and mitigation strategies. As such, there is a growing need for a more detailed knowledge of precipitation climate change.This analysis was performed for Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and results performed by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model forced by the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Extreme precipitation indices recommended by the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection Monitoring and Indices were computed, by year and season. Then, annual and seasonal trends of the indices were estimated by Theil-Sen method and their significance was tested by the Mann-Kendal test. Additionally, a second simulation forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM), was considered. This second modelling configuration was created in order to assess its performance when simulating extremes of precipitation.The annual trends estimated for the 1986–2005, from the observational datasets and from the ERA-driven simulation reveal: 1) negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index in the Galicia and in the centre of the IP; 2) positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index over the south of the IP and negative statistically significant trends in Galicia, north and centre of Portugal; 3) positive statistically significant trends of the R75p index in some regions of the north of the IP; 4) positive statistically significant trends in the R95pTOT index in the Central Mountains Chain, Leon Mountains and in the north of Portugal.Seasonally, negative statistically significant trends of the CWD index were found in Galicia, in winter and in the south of the IP, in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CWD index were identified in the Leon Mountains, in spring, and in Galicia, in autumn. For the CDD index, negative statistically significant trends were seen in Valencia, in the spring, and, in Galicia and Portugal (north and centre), in summer. Positive statistically significant trends of the CDD index were found: in the east of the IP, in the winter; in the Cantabrian Mountain, in the spring; and, in the south of the IP, in summer. Regarding to the R75p index, negative statistically significant trends were found in Galicia, in winter and positive statistically significant trends in the north of Portugal, in spring and in the Central Mountains Chain and north of Portugal, in autumn. For the R95pTOT index, negative statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cuenca and Sierra Cazorla, in winter and positive statistically significant trends were found over the Sierra Cebollera, in winter and in Castile-la Mancha region, in spring.The results of the annual and seasonal trends of the extreme precipitation indices performed for observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim, are similar. The results obtained for the simulation forced by MPI-ESM are not satisfactory, and can be a source of criticism for the use of simulation forced by MPI-ESM in this type of climate change studies. Even for the relatively short period used, the WRF model, when properly forced is a useful tool due to the similar results of Portuguese and Spanish observational datasets and the simulation forced by ERA-Interim. 相似文献
12.
通过对比江淮地区1992-2016年08和20时的ERA-Interim再分析资料与观测资料的温度要素,发现它们在垂直方向上的偏差存在从低层到高层先减小后增大的特点,对流层低层各站偏差的空间差异明显,到中高层各站偏差趋于一致。偏差存在明显年际变化,500 hPa及以上等压面在2000年前后再分析资料比观测资料存在由偏低向偏高的转折;除地面外,其他高度上两种资料的平均绝对偏差均呈显著减小趋势。在偏差的月际分布上,地面和500 hPa以上高度再分析资料普遍比观测资料偏高,各高度上平均绝对偏差在8-9月最小。进一步对各天气现象下两种资料比较发现,雪、雨夹雪、冰粒子和冻雨天气发生时,地面至1000 hPa和850 hPa上再分析资料比观测资料偏高;大雾天气发生时,再分析资料比观测资料在1000 hPa偏高幅度明显高于地面。可见,在江淮地区使用ERA-Interim再分析温度资料判别降水相态时,大气边界层和850 hPa温度需慎重使用,近地层虚假逆温对大雾判别会产生很大影响。 相似文献
13.
再分析资料评估对观测资料稀少的青藏高原具有重要意义,是开展青藏高原相关研究的基础。本文分析了2012—2016年观测与ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原的时空分布差异,同时讨论了产生差异的可能原因。结果表明,两种资料变化趋势基本一致,极值出现月份相同,相关性的空间分布表现为北高南低。ERA-Interim再分析资料对地表温度存在低估,年平均值比观测资料低8.86℃,其中春季绝对误差最大。年平均绝对误差呈北低南高的空间分布形态,且绝对误差极值中心的强度及范围具有明显的季节变化。ERA-Interim与观测地表温度之间的偏差随气象站海拔高度的变化是非单调的,分析认为气象站与所在格点的海拔差是导致偏差出现南北差异的原因之一,而春季青藏高原南部的偏差异常可能与积雪有关。ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原北部具有较好的适用性,南部受地形影响适用性相对较差。 相似文献
14.
利用ERA-Interim再分析资料对地基GNSS水汽层析中几个关键技术进行优化。首先利用ERA-Interim提供的大气产品建立同时顾及时间及地表温度参数的区域性大气加权平均温度模型;然后根据ERA-Interim提供的高垂直分辨率的水汽产品,分析“水汽层层顶”随时间变化的规律;最后提出一种新的划分垂直方向层析网格的方法。选取我国香港地区的12个CORS站2014-06的观测数据进行试算,结果表明,与探空资料相比,6 km高度以下优化后的层析结果相比传统层析结果精度提高了12%,在6 km高度以上提高了17%。 相似文献
15.
ERA-Interim 再分析数据在中国沿海的质量评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文采用1979~2012年的中国沿海台站观测数据对ERA-Interim(简称"ERA-I")的气温、气压和海温数据进行质量评估。结果表明:(1)从常年平均来看,ERA-I气温、气压和海温多年月平均变化与观测数据吻合较好,可以反映气候态的季节变化特征。与台站观测数据相比,ERA-I气温平均偏高0.19℃,气压平均偏低0.17 h Pa,海温平均偏高0.70℃。(2)从年际变化情况来看,ERA-I和台站观测的气温、气压和海温变化趋势一致,气温和海温呈上升趋势,气压呈下降趋势。但在海南岛附近使用ERA-I气温做年际变化分析和在东海台湾海峡至北部湾沿岸使用ERA-I海温做年际变化趋势分析时要谨慎。(3)从月均变化分析来看,ERA-I月均气温、气压和海温数据与台站实测数据具有很好的一致性。从误差空间分布来看,ERA-I气温在黄海沿岸平均误差最小,ERA-I气压在渤海沿岸平均误差最小,ERA-I海温在南海沿岸平均误差最小。需要特别指出的是,ERA-I月均海温在渤海和台湾海峡附近沿岸平均误差较大(部分站均方根误差超过2.5℃),在上述区域使用ERA-I海温数据时应考虑其产品偏差。 相似文献
16.
The CRA-Interim trial production of the global atmospheric reanalysis for 10 years from 2007 to 2016 is carried out by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in 2017. The structural characteristics of the horizontal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau (TPHSL) based on the CRA-Interim datasets are examined by objectively identifying the shear line, and compared with the analysis results of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)the European Center (ECMWF) reanalysis data (ERA-Interim). The case occurred at 18UTC on July 5, 2016. The results show that both of the ERA-Interim and CRA-Interim datasets can well reveal the circulation background and the dynamic and thermal structure characteristics of TPHSL, and they have shown some similar features. The middle and high latitudes at 500 hPa are characterized by500hPa present the circulation situation of 相似文献
17.
新疆夏季降水时空分布的适用性评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新疆气象站点稀疏且分布不均,高精度时空气象数据缺乏。基于数据同化的再分析资料,可成为解决这一问题的有效途径。利用美国国家环境预报中心再分析数据(CFSR)、欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析数据(ERA-Interim)和美国国家航空航天局再分析数据(MERRA)中的降水数据,分别与1979-2007年新疆气象观测数据和日本气象厅高分辨率亚洲陆地降水数据(APHRO)进行数理统计分析,评估了这3套再分析数据在新疆的适用性。3套再分析数据可有效表征新疆大部分地区年内降水的时空分布特征,夏季降水偏差小于100%;但未能捕捉到夏季降水的长期趋势。夏季降水的偏差与高程具有显著的相关性,这可为订正3套再分析数据、提高降水数据的精度提供技术支撑。 相似文献
18.
对流层延迟是无线电导航定位的主要误差源之一,其值对目标高程的变化敏感.在动态导航定位中,由于目标高程变化随机性强,延迟改正实时性需求高,已有的对流层延迟模型难以满足应用需求.本文利用2005到2006年ERA-Interim再分析气象资料积分方法计算的对流层天顶总延迟(ZTD)、天顶静力学延迟(ZHD)以及天顶非静力学延迟(ZWD)的垂直剖面研究了ZTD随高程变化的最佳拟合形式,并以此为基础建立了全球ZTD改正模型SHAO-H.该模型以大气中水汽的垂直分布规律为依据,将ZTD表示为高程的分段函数,进而再模制每段函数中各参数随时间的变化.精度评估显示:与积分ZTD相比,SHAO-H模型计算的ZTD在不同等压层上的平均bias大部分在±1 mm以内,随着高度的上升,平均RMS由39 mm减小至不足1 mm;与IGS (International GNSS Service)实测ZTD相比,SHAO-H模型的精度(bias为7.02 mm,RMS为38.50 mm)优于UNB3m模型(bias为14.67 mm, RMS为51.95 mm).SHAO-H模型具有精度稳定、计算简便等优点,适宜任意高度的用户使用. 相似文献
19.
We use first field-based observations of precipitation and river isotopic chemistry from a three-year study (2009–2011) in rainforest and nearby savannah in central Guyana at the northern rim of the Amazon rainforest to establish the quality of modelled or remotely-sensed datasets. Our 3 years of data capture a reduced rainfall regime in 2009 and an extended wet season in 2010, in contrast to the widely documented Amazonian floods in 2009 and droughts in 2010. Comparisons of observed precipitation with satellite derived TRMM and ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis precipitation show that both of these data sets capture the general pattern of seasonality, but substantially underestimate rainfall amounts in the primary wet season (by up to 50% and 72% respectively). The TRMM dataset is generally better at characterising the main dry season from September to December but the ERA-Interim model can overestimate precipitation in the dry season by up to 175%. Our new data on isotopic chemistry of river waters show that δ2H/δ18O values in this region are broadly consistent with interpolated global datasets of modelled precipitation isotopic signatures. The dominance of isotopically lighter water derived from the rains of the ITCZ during the wet season provides evidence of the close coupling of water chemistry of headwater rivers on the northern rim of Amazonia to the positioning of the ITCZ over the region. Our results highlight the challenge in understanding and representing local scale hydrological and biogeochemical characteristics using regional scale model data. We argue that combining point and local scale field data with larger scale model data is necessary to progress towards a comprehensive understanding of climate–hydrology interactions in Amazonia. 相似文献
20.
ERA-Interim地表温度数据集在青藏高原冻土分布制图应用的适用性评估 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
地表温度综合反映了大气、植被和土壤等因素的能量交换状况, 是冻土分布模型和一些寒区陆面过程模式的上边界条件, 对多年冻土分布制图和活动层厚度估算有重要意义. 为了评估ERA-Interim 地表温度产品在青藏高原地区的适用性, 综合比较了青藏高原69个海拔2 000 m以上气象站1981-2013年地面实际观测值与ERA-Interim之间的差异及其分布状况. 结果表明, 两种资料的变化趋势一致, 但是ERA-Interim地表温度在数值上与实际观测值差别显著, 平均偏低7.4℃. 原因之一可能是由ERA-Interim再分析资料格点的海拔高度与气象站实际海拔高度差异引起的. 根据两种温度产品之间海拔的差异, 对ERA-Interim地表温度重新进行模拟, 经过模拟后的ERA-Interim地表温度与实际观测值的差值在大部分气象站变小, 平均偏高0.4℃. 因此, 经过重新模拟的ERA-Interim地表温度基本能够反映青藏高原地表温度的真实情况. 以模拟后的ERA-Interim地表温度作为地面冻结数模型的输入参数模拟了青藏高原冻土分布, 结果表明青藏高原多年冻土区面积为1.14×106 km2, 季节冻土区面积为1.43×106km2. 相似文献