Community Recovery Following the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Toward a Theory of Cultural Resilience     

Hannah E. Clarke 《社会与自然资源》2017,30(2):129-144

Culture plays an important role in communities’ abilities to adapt to environmental change and crises. The emerging field of resilience thinking has made several efforts to better integrate social and cultural factors into the systems-level approach to understanding social–ecological resilience. However, attempts to integrate culture into structural models often fail to account for the agentic processes that influence recovery at the individual and community levels, overshadowing the potential for agency and variation in community response. Using empirical data on the 2010 BP oil spill’s impact on a small, natural-resource-dependent community, we propose an alternative approach emphasizing culture’s ability to operate as a resource that contributes to social, or community, resilience. We refer to this more explicit articulation of culture’s role in resilience as cultural resilience. Our findings reveal that not all cultural resources that define resilience in reference to certain disasters provided successful mitigation, adaptation, or recovery from the BP spill.  相似文献   

Exploring Cities through a Population Ageing Matrix: a spatial and temporal analysis of older adult population trends in Perth,Australia     

Mariana T. Atkins  Matthew Tonts 《The Australian geographer》2016,47(1):65-87

In an increasingly urbanised and ageing world the spatial distribution of an older population is a matter of growing scholarly and policy interest. Much of the research on this topic has tended to draw on one of two key measures: structural ageing, or the ratio of older cohorts to the rest of the population, or numeric ageing, which simply counts the number of older people without reference to the rest of the population. This paper argues that, on their own, these measures have limitations, and that considerable value lies in assessing the interplay between numeric and structural ageing measures. The population ageing matrix, a theoretical framework that classifies the demographic dynamics of population ageing across metropolitan areas, is presented and examined through the case study of Perth, Western Australia. The value of the matrix to reveal patterns and trends missed by analyses of single measures is investigated and areas that are experiencing changes in the composition and size of the ageing demographic are identified. The paper also reflects on the implications of these findings for policy and planning.  相似文献   

热液和冷泉10种无脊椎动物基因组大小测定及比较     

郑平  王敏晓  李超伦  孙松 《海洋学报》2016,38(6):41-50

基因组大小(或称C值)作为生物单倍体细胞中全套染色体的DNA总量,在一定程度上是恒定的,因而C值可以作为生物物种的一个特定参数。深海热液和冷泉为更好地理解C值与不同环境之间的关系提供了一个特征性的模型。本文采用流式细胞术,测定了来自热液和冷泉环境中的10种深海无脊椎动物的C值,其分布范围从0.87 pg到12.28 pg,其中,相比于软体动物和多毛类,甲壳生物基因组大小及变异均较大。对比热液和冷泉两个群落中共有种(深海偏顶蛤Bathymodiolus platifrons、柯氏潜铠虾Shinkaia crosnieri以及长角阿尔文虾Alvinocaris longirostris)的基因组大小,发现C值差异并不显著。同时,综合已有的数据,对深海化能极端环境与其他环境条件下的物种C值进行对比分析,结果显示深海化能极端环境下生物的基因组大小并没有发现明确的变化趋势。  相似文献   

Living the good life? The rise of urban mixed-use enclaves in Metro Manila     

Jana Maria Kleibert  Lisa Kippers 《Urban geography》2016,37(3):373-395

Gated communities and other forms of privatized enclaves have become features of many cities. The rise of urban mixed-use enclaves, which integrate functions of work, entertainment and living, is a relatively new and understudied phenomenon that is expanding rapidly throughout the Global South. In this article, we advance the concept of enclave urbanism through a case study of Eastwood City in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We trace the enabling factors for mixed-use enclave creation and assess how the different functions are marketed and integrated in practice into one “live–work–play” development. Based on extensive qualitative research, we argue that the global capital accumulation strategy of real estate developers leads to a strong focus on production and entertainment functions, but neglects questions of liveability. We reflect on the implications of our findings for mega-urban regions and urban studies research.  相似文献   

Catching sea cucumber fever in coastal communities: Conceptualizing the impacts of shocks versus trends on social-ecological systems     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

Research on vulnerability and adaptation in social-ecological systems (SES) has largely centered on climate change and associated biophysical stressors. Key implications of this are twofold. First, there has been limited engagement with the impacts of social drivers of change on communities and linked SES. Second, the focus on climate effects often assumes slower drivers of change and fails to differentiate the implications of change occurring at different timescales. This has resulted in a body of SES scholarship that is under-theorized in terms of how communities experience and respond to fast versus slow change. Yet, social and economic processes at global scales increasingly emerge as ‘shocks’ for local systems, driving rapid and often surprising forms of change distinct from and yet interacting with the impacts of slow, ongoing ‘trends’. This research seeks to understand the nature and impacts of social shocks as opposed to or in concert with trends through the lens of a qualitative case study of a coastal community in Mexico, where demand from international seafood markets has spurred rapid development of a sea cucumber fishery. Specifically, we examined what different social-ecological changes are being experienced by the community, how the impacts of the sea cucumber fishery are distinct from and interacting with slower ongoing trends and how these processes are affecting system vulnerability, adaptations and adaptive capacity. We begin by proposing a novel framework for conceptualizing impacts on social systems, as comprised of structures, functions, and feedbacks. Our results illustrate how the rapid-onset of this fishery has driven dramatic changes in the community. New challenges such as the ‘gold-rush-style’ arrival of new actors, money, and livelihoods, the rapid over-exploitation of fish stocks, and increases in poaching and armed violence have emerged, exacerbating pressures from ongoing trends in immigration, overfishing and tourism development. We argue that there is a need to better understand and differentiate the social and ecological implications of shocks, which present novel challenges for the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of communities and the sustainability of marine ecosystems.  相似文献   

Zooplanktonic Communities of the Divergence Zone in the Northwestern Alboran Sea     

Jaime  Rodríguez  Alberto  García Valeriano  Rodriguez 《Marine Ecology》1982,3(2):133-142

Abstract. Using principal component analysis, the zooplanktonic communities of the divergence zone in the northwestern sector of the Alboran Sea were studied. The study was based on 35 vertical trawls in the 200 metres superficial level. The two first components account for 65 % of the total variance. The first component is a contrast between a warm water coastal community (characterized by low specific diversity and the abundance of Cladocera and Copepoda such as Acartia clausi, Centropages chierchiae and Temora stylifera) and a community of cold subsuperficial water distinguished by high specific diversity and a low number of individuals, one of its most characteristic elements being the eggs and larval stages of the Conostomasidae Maurolicus muelleri. The second component appears to be associated with an ecotone between the communities previously cited, and with a specific grouping (Rhincalanus nasutus, Eucalanus monachiis, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Temora longicornis , etc.) resulting from the peripheral displacement of subsuperficial elements brought to the surface by the cyclonic circulation of water masses between the Atlantic current and the Spanish coast.  相似文献   

日照沿海开发对潮间带生境及底栖动物群落的影响     

高翔  徐敬明 《海洋科学集刊》2002,(44):61-65

日照市位于山东省东南的黄海之滨，海岸线长99.6km，沿海滩涂面积约51km2。自1983年起，笔者每年都带学生到日照沿海进行专业实习。本文是作者对近20年实习资料的总结。结果发现：由于沿海的开发利用，潮间带动物的群落结构发生巨变，生物种群数量正逐年减少。  相似文献   

Notes Marine biofouling in Hong Kong: a review     

Zongguo Huang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2003,22(3):467-482

From 1980 to 1998, biofouling communities in Hong Kong waters, the Zhujiang RiverEstuary and the Mirs Bay were studied and a total of 610 samples. The samples were collected from vessels, buoys, piers and cages. Totally, 340 species (see Appendix I ) have been recorded and identified, six of which are new. At the same time, research on the biology of the cirripede, bryozoan, polychaete and mollusc communities were also conducted. Twenty-three related papers have been published. This review summarizes works in Hong Kong over past twenty years, and some unpublished data are also reported.  相似文献   

可溶性Fe对中尺度海洋围隔生态系中浮游生物群落数量变动的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈孝麟  林昱 《台湾海峡》1993,12(2):160-163

作者首次应用3个中尺度海洋实验生态系围隔装置研究可溶性Fe 对浮游生物群落数量变动的影响。结果表明:添加10和50μg/dm~3的可溶性Fe,均大大促进了浮游植物,特别是硅藻类中中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)的生长。但浮游植物的过量繁殖并没有导致生态系中滤食性桡足类数量的增加。  相似文献   

Intertidal Invertebrate and Algal Communities on the Rocky Shores of the Bay of Morbihan, Kerguelen (South Indian Ocean)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

John M.  Lawrence James B.  McClintock 《Marine Ecology》1987,8(3):207-220

Abstract. Both the emergent surfaces and tide pools of the rocky intertidal shores of the Bay of Morbihan, Kerguelen are depauperate in number of macroinvertebrate and macroalgal species. Diversity (H') was high and similar for macroinvertebrates in tide pools from the high to low intertidal and on the emergent surface exposed at extreme low-tide when calculated in terms of numbers of individuals. H' was lower when calculated in terms of energy and twice as high for the tide pool in the high intertidal than the lower tide-pools and the emergent surface. H' for macroalgae was 0 in the highest tide-pool and highest in the lower tide-pools. The density/species-rank curves for the macroinvertebrates and the macroalgae are logarithmic but vary in linearity. Algal biomass was 37 % of the macroinvertebrate biomass on the emergent surface at the extreme low-tide, but 106% in the highest tide-pool. Twenty-three months after denudation of the tide pools, the ratios of total densities of the macroinvertebrates (ind m^-2) to the original densities were 48 % for the pool in the high intertidal, 25 % for the middle tide-pool, and 4 % for the pool in the low intertidal. The diversity indexes for the macroinvertebrates were similar to the original ones. Recolonization at Kerguelen is slow and shows an intertidal gradient. The composition of the rocky intertidal community at Kerguelen results from the rigorous physical environment and the small number and functional types of species. In the absence of major predators on macroinvertebrates and of herbivores on macroalgae, interaction among the species present seems to be competitive in nature.  相似文献