Distribution Characteristics of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crust Resources on Submarine Seamounts in the Western Pacific   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

ZHANG Fuyuan  ZHANG Weiyan  ZHU Kechao  GAO Shuitu  ZHANG Haisheng  ZHANG Xiaoyu  ZHU Benduo 《《地质学报》英文版》2008,82(4):796-803

Based on the survey data of five submarine seamount provinces （chains） in the Western Pacific, the distribution characteristics of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust resources have been researched in this paper by using the relative reference data and applying the theories of hotspot and seafloor spreading. The main research results obtained are as follows： The Co-rich crust thickness in the study area is gradually increasing from east to west and from south to north having a negative correlation （r = -0.59） with longitude and a positive correlation （r = 0.48） with latitude. The crust thickness varying along longitude and latitude is influenced by the hotspot and seafloor spreading. The oceanic crusts and seamounts in the northwest part of the study area are older, and the crust resources are superior to those in the southeast part. In the depth of 〈1500 m, 1500-2000 m, 2000-2500 m in the study area, the cobalt crust thickness is respectively 5.45 cm, 4.34 cm and 3.55 cm, and in the depth of 2500-3000 m and 3000-3500 m, it drops respectively to 2.84 cm and 3.37 cm. The Co-rich crust resources are mainly concentrated in the seamount summit margins and the upper flanks in the depth of 〈2500 m. There is a strong negative correlation （r = -0.67） between the cobalt crust abundance and the slope of the seamount, 75 kg/m^2 and 50 kg/mz at the slopes of 0°-20° and 20°-34° respectively. Cobalt crusts are mainly distributed in the parts whose slopes are less than 20°. It is consistent with the fractal result that the slope threshold of cobalt crust distribution is 19°, and slopes over 20° are not conducive to the crust growth. The cobalt crusts of high grade are mainly enriched in the region within 150°E-140°W and 30°S-30°N in the Pacific, where there are about 587 seamounts at the depth of 3500- 6000 m and over 30 Ma of the oceanic crusts. The perspective area rich in cobalt crust resources is about 41×104 km^2 and the resource quantity is approximately 27 billion tons.  相似文献   

The growth of “black crusts” on calcareous building stones in Palermo (Sicily): a first appraisal of anthropogenic and natural sulphur sources     

Giuseppe Montana  Luciana Randazzo  Ilaria A. Oddo  Mariano Valenza 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(2):367-380

Chemical, mineralogical and isotopic composition (³⁴S/³²S) analyses were carried out on “black crusts” developed on the old buildings of Palermo (Sicily) with the aim to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sulphur sources. Furthermore individual samples of total suspended particulate (TSP) were collected and analysed in order to estimate the influence of air pollution on the decay process of calcareous stones in a typical southern Mediterranean coastal environment. SEM/EDS analysis, X-ray diffractometry, IR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography led to the compositional characterization of “black crusts” and airborne particulate matter in the city. Sulphur isotopic compositions of gypsum-bearing crusts showed a prevailing contribution of anthropogenic sources (vehicle exhaust and other combustion processes). Natural sulphur and/or sulphate sources (biogenic and/or sea-spray) were shown to play a secondary role. These data can be considered a starting point for the determination of the rate of growth of “black crusts” in a coastal Mediterranean urban environment like Palermo. In the future, they might be useful to local authorities for planning more efficient maintenance action in order to slow as much as possible the rate of decay of the monumental heritage of the city.  相似文献   

毛乌素沙地南缘人工植被区生物结皮发育特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

吴永胜  尹瑞平  田秀民  哈斯 《中国沙漠》2018,38(2):339-344

防沙治沙和生态修复工程实施之后,有植物定植的沙丘表面广泛发育了生物结皮。揭示不同类型人工植被与生物结皮发育特征之间的关系对受损荒漠系统的生态修复具有重要的参考价值。采用野外调查的方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙区不同类型人工植被区(羊柴Hedysarum mongdicum、小叶杨Populus simonii、沙柳Salix psammophila+羊柴、紫穗槐Amorpha fruticosa和沙地柏Sabina vulgaris)生物结皮厚度、抗剪强度、总盖度及分盖度进行了测定。结果表明:不同类型人工植被区生物结皮发育特征表现出较大差异,小叶杨样地生物结皮厚度、抗剪强度和总盖度均显著高于其他类型人工植被区(P<0.05),羊柴、沙柳+羊柴样地生物结皮的盖度较低。分盖度的调查结果表明,小叶杨样地生物结皮以藓类结皮为主,其余样地则以藻类结皮为主。生物结皮盖度随植被盖度的增加而减少,随表层(0~5cm)土壤含水量的增加而增加。小叶杨的建植有利于生物结皮的扩殖,沙柳行带间栽植羊柴则不利于生物结皮的发育。  相似文献   

Wind erosion in the central Ebro Basin under changing land use management. Field experiments with a portable wind tunnel     

W. Fister  J.B. Ries 《Journal of Arid Environments》2009,73(11):996-1004

The agricultural landscape in the semi-arid central Ebro Basin is changing from dry farming towards land abandonment. This study aims to describe quantitatively the influence of this land use change onto wind erosion susceptibility in this region. Additionally, the effects of tillage operations on wind erosion rates were evaluated. A portable wind tunnel was used to assess the relative sediment loss rates at three test sites near Zaragoza. Three different land use systems varying in crust disturbance level were investigated – (1) fallow land with undisturbed physical soil crusts, (2) simulated sheep trampling and (3) conventional tillage (dry farming).The results show that simulations on undisturbed crusted soils produce little soil loss. Consequently, wind erosion can be considered as negligible on these surfaces. Simulated sheep trampling during wind tunnel test runs produce 10 times higher sediment losses than simulations on undisturbed crusted soils. Highest sediment losses (50 times) were observed from rolled surfaces. Because of the ongoing extensification process, the distributions of physical soil crusts will most probably further increase. According to the results, this would lead to a reduction of wind erosion susceptibility in the central Ebro Basin depending on intensity and time of sheep pasturing and tillage.  相似文献   

北戴河红色风化壳地球化学特征及气候环境意义   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

熊志方  龚一鸣 《地学前缘》2006,13(6):177-186

风化壳地球化学特征具有环境指示意义。用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)和X射线衍射法(XRD)分别测试了秦皇岛北戴河燕山大学北侧红色风化壳(简称燕大风化壳)主量元素和粘粒粘土矿物。结果表明:除Ca外,Si、Al、Fe、Na、K的含量在风化壳上均有不同程度的波动,其中Si、Na、K波动轨迹基本一致,Al、Fe则与其相反,相关性分析显示SiO2与Al2O3、TFe、Fe2O3,Al2O3与TFe、Fe2O3,Na2O与CaO具有较好相关性;粘土矿物组合为1·4nm过渡矿物(25%~45%)+伊利石(10%~20%)+伊蒙混层矿物(20%~35%)+高岭石(15%~30%),矿物演化系列是长石、黑云母→(蛭石→1·4nm过渡矿物)→(伊利石)→高岭石。与粘土矿物以1∶1型高岭石为主的富铝化南方红色风化壳相比,燕大风化壳Si淋失度,Fe、Al富集度,矿物演化程度都较低,属硅铝化风化壳。燕大风化壳是上新世暖温带到北亚热带过渡型气候的风化产物,与现代秦皇岛暖温带半湿润型气候不同,这反映第四纪以来该区气候干旱因子增多。CIA、S/A等指示的风化强度异常表明,燕大风化壳形成后至少遭受过两次构造抬升,为剥蚀型风化壳,反映该区新构造运动间歇式上升的特点。  相似文献   

大洋富钴结壳成因机制的探讨——水成因证据   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

栾锡武 《海洋学研究》2006,24(2):8-19

根据对大洋富钴结壳的分层与年龄、分层与生长速率、生长间断等观测事实,以及大洋富钴结壳主量元素锰、铁元素及钴元素、铂元素、稀土元素、氦同位素、锇同位素等的水成富集,指出大洋富钴结壳是水成因的,进而指出富钴结壳的形成与基岩无关,水动力条件、最低含氧带、生物作用等可能对富钴结壳的形成有控制作用。同时,富钴结壳不一定只生长在岩石裸露的海山上,在沉积物覆盖的海山区也有可能找到富钴结壳。  相似文献   

海底富钴结壳物理特性的试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

周知进  卜英勇 《地球物理学进展》2008,23(5):1456-1459

海底富钴结壳富含多种金属,是海底极为重要的矿产资源.在实验室里对用拖网采集的天然富钴结壳的湿密度、干密度、含水率、P波速度和抗压强度等物理特性进行了研究.研究表明:富钴结壳的湿密度或干密度的大小与孔隙率、含水量有关;富钴结壳的抗压强度与温密度、P波速度有较强的相关性,湿密度、P波速度越高,其抗压强度也相应越大.所以富钴结壳的物理特性与抗压强度之间的相互关系,为富钴结壳的资源评价、采选冶研究提供参考.  相似文献   

Long-term records of erosional change from marine ferromanganese crusts     

R. Keith O’Nions  Martin Frank 《Journal of Earth System Science》2000,109(1):171-180

Ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans record the Nd and Pb isotope compositions of the water masses from which they form as hydrogenous precipitates. The¹⁰Be/⁹Be-calibrated time series for crusts are compared to estimates based on Co-contents, from which the equatorial Pacific crusts studied are inferred to have recorded ca. 60 Ma of Pacific deep water history. Time series of ɛNd show that the oceans have maintained a strong provinciality in Nd isotopic composition, determined by terrigenous inputs, over periods of up to 60 Ma. Superimposed on the distinct basin-specific signatures are variations in Nd and Pb isotope time series which have been particularly marked over the last 5 Ma. It is shown that changes in erosional inputs, particularly associated with Himalayan uplift and the northern hemisphere glaciation have influenced Indian and Atlantic Ocean deep water isotopic compositions respectively. There is no evidence so far for an imprint of the final closure of the Panama Isthmus on the Pb and Nd isotopic composition in either Atlantic or Pacific deep water masses.  相似文献   

大洋富钴结壳实时开采切削深度优化分级模型研究   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

秦宣云  卜英勇 《海洋工程》2005,23(3):99-104

根据统计分形理论对大量实验测得的微地形数字高程数据进行了分维空间、无标度区和分形维数等分析和计算,并求出了各自的地形特征数据,同时建立了单个微地形在控制废石混入率时富钴结壳开采的最优切削深度的遗传寻优算法。在此基础上,利用实验所得各种分形特征数据及微地形的自相似性、各向异性及分形布朗函数,通过计算机自动生成了大量仿真微地形,并求出了各相应仿真微地形的地形特征数值和在控制废石混入率时富钴结壳开采的最优切削深度,再通过对此大样本的统计回归分析,建立了大洋富钴结壳实时开采切削深度的优化分级模型。该模型经实验数据的验证,其结果达到了满意的要求。  相似文献   

Copper and zinc isotope variations in ferromanganese crusts and their isotopic fractionation mechanism     

Lianhua He  Jihua Liu  Hui Zhang  Jingjing Gao  Aimei Zhu  Ying Zhang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2021,40(9):43-52

Ferromanganese(Fe-Mn) crusts are potential archives of the Cu and Zn isotope compositions of seawater through time. In this study, the Cu and Zn isotopes of the top surface of 28 Fe-Mn crusts and 2 Fe-Mn nodules were analysed by MC-ICP-MS using combined sample-standard bracketing for mass bias correction. The Zn isotope compositions of the top surface of Fe-Mn crusts are in the range of 0.71‰ to 1.08‰, with a mean δ~(66) Zn value of 0.94‰±0.21‰(2 SD, n=28). The δ~(65) Cu values of the top surface of Fe-Mn crusts range from 0.33‰ to0.73‰, with a mean value of 0.58‰±0.20‰(2 SD, n=28). The Cu isotope compositions of Fe-Mn crusts are isotopically lighter than that of dissolved Cu in deep seawater(0.58‰ vs. 0.9‰). In contrast, the δ~(66) Zn values of Fe-Mn crusts appear to be isotopically heavy compared to deep seawater(0.94‰±0.21‰ vs. 0.51‰±0.14‰). The isotope fractionation between Fe-Mn crusts and seawater is attributed to equilibrium partitioning between the sorption to crusts and the organic-ligand-bound Cu and Zn in seawater. The Cu and Zn isotopes in the top surface of Fe-Mn crusts are not a direct reflection of the Cu and Zn isotopes, but a function of Cu and Zn isotopes in modern seawater. This study proposes that Fe-Mn crusts have the potential to be archives for paleoceanography through Cu and Zn isotope analysis.  相似文献