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481.
Leif Nøttestad Lise D. Sivle Bjørn A. Krafft Lise Langård Valantine Anthonypillai Matteo Bernasconi Herdis Langøy Bjørn E. Axelsen 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(2):221-232
The Norwegian Sea is a migration and feeding ground for fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in summer. During the last decade, significant structural changes in the prey community, including northerly expansion and movement in the distribution of pelagic fish species, have been reported from this ecosystem. However, little information on whale feeding ecology exists in the Norwegian Sea and surrounding waters. A total of 59 fin whales and 48 humpback whales were sighted during 864 h of observation over an observation distance of about 8200 nmi (15,200 km) in the Norwegian Sea from 15 July to 6 August 2006 and 2007. The fin whale group size, as mean (±SD), varied between one and five individuals (2.1 ± 1.2 ind.) and humpback whale group size varied between one and six individuals (2.5 ± 1.7 ind.). Fin‐ and humpback whales were observed mainly in the northern part of the study area, and were only found correlated with the presence of macro‐zooplankton in cold Arctic water. Humpback whales were not correlated with the occurrence of adult Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus) except for the northernmost areas. Despite changes in the whale prey communities in the Norwegian Sea, no apparent changes in fin‐ or humpback whale distribution pattern could be found in our study compared to their observed summer distribution 10–15 years ago. 相似文献
482.
Claudia Bas Juan P. Lancia Tomás Luppi Agustina Méndez‐Casariego Marcelo Kittlein Eduardo Spivak 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(3):319-331
The relationship between diet and feeding activity of intertidal crabs, and environmental cycles (tidal, daily and seasonal), habitat and level of the intertidal zone (high/low) was studied using Neohelice granulata (Brachyura, Varunidae) as a model. This is a semi‐terrestrial burrowing crab occupying different habitats in the Southwestern Atlantic coasts and estuaries from bare low intertidal mudflats to high intertidal salt marshes, and from fine, organic matter rich sediment to very coarse sediment with low content of organic matter. The study was carried out in two contrasting habitats of three sites with diverse sets of physical and biological conditions. Diet and feeding of adult N. granulata were indirectly studied through the proportion of food items and the presence/absence of food in crab stomachs, respectively. This species has a dual mode of feeding: predominantly herbivorous (live plants or plant litter in salt marshes) or deposit feeder (superficial sediment and detritus in mudflats), but the quantity and quality of ingested food varies among habitats and sites. A trend to omnivory (including algae and conspecifics) was detected in relation to low quality of resources. Feeding activity modulated by a complex interaction of factors varied according to spatial and/or temporal changes in some natural cycles. Males and non‐ovigerous females fed preferably after dark and during submersion periods, but also after emersion periods if mudflat sediment remained wet; salt marsh crab feeding is somewhat independent of light and tidal cycles. Ovigerous females almost never fed. Both diet and feeding activity of this crab seem to be flexible traits adapted to different combinations of physical and biological factors. 相似文献
483.
二维粒子形状分类技术在云微物理特征分析中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文介绍了一种针对飞机粒子探测系统中云二维图像探头开发的二维粒子形状分类技术。该技术利用粒子形状几何参数特征把云粒子分为8种类型,分别为微小状、线形状、聚合状、霰状、球状、六角形状、不规则状和枝状。同时结合冰水质量关系,给出了探头液水含量和冰水含量的计算方法。最后应用该技术对2006年4月6日一次飞机探测获取的数据进行了云微物理结构分析,聚合状、霰状、六角形状、不规则状的总出现频率为78%,其中霰状粒子的出现频率随着温度的降低而增加。非降水云中的液水含量、液滴粒子浓度、冰晶浓度明显小于降水云,非降水云中液水含量的平均值为0.01 g m-3,冰水含量的平均值0.007 g m-3,冰晶粒子浓度的平均值为11.9 L-1。 相似文献
484.
研究了放养密度对西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼生长、摄食以及肌肉组分的影响。结果表明,经过80d的野外试验观察,发现在初始养殖密度分别为:3.9、6.3、8.7和11.0kg/m3的微流水环境中,高密度组(D组)和低密度组(A组)的死亡率、日摄食量、饵料系数(FCE)和摄食率差异显著(P0.05);西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼的最终体重、特定生长率(SGR)、日增重(DWG)都随着养殖密度的增大而降低,而单位水体日增重显著升高,最终体长和肥满度无显著差异(P0.05)。试验结束时,高密度组西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼肌肉中水分和灰分所占的比重越大,而在粗蛋白质含量和粗脂肪含量方面则表现出相反的趋势,但均无显著性差异。综合各种因素,建议西伯利亚杂交鲟幼鱼阶段的养殖密度为6~9kg/m3。 相似文献
485.
Habitat use patterns of the invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans: a comparison between mangrove and reef systems in San Salvador,Bahamas 下载免费PDF全文
Catalina Pimiento James C. Nifong Margaret E. Hunter Eric Monaco Brian R. Silliman 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(1):28-37
The Indo‐Pacific red lionfish Pterois volitans is widespread both in its native and its non‐native habitats. The rapid invasion of this top predator has had a marked negative effect on fish populations in the Western Atlantic and the Caribbean. It is now well documented that lionfish are invading many tropical and sub‐tropical habitats. However, there are fewer data available on the change in lionfish abundance over time and the variation of body size and diet across habitats. A recent study in San Salvador, Bahamas, found body size differences between individuals from mangrove and reef systems. That study further suggested that ontogenetic investigation of habitat use patterns could help clarify whether lionfish are using the mangrove areas of San Salvador as nurseries. The aim of the present study is to determine temporal trends in lionfish relative abundance in mangrove and reef systems in San Salvador, and to further assess whether there is evidence suggesting an ontogenetic shift from mangroves to reef areas. Accordingly, we collected lionfish from mangrove and reef habitats and calculated catch per unit effort (a proxy for relative abundance), compared body size distributions across these two systems, and employed a combination of stable isotope, stomach content, and genetic analyses of prey, to evaluate differences in lionfish trophic interactions and habitat use patterns. Our results show that populations may have increased in San Salvador during the last 4 years, and that there is a strong similarity in body size between habitats, stark differences in prey items, and no apparent overlap in the use of habitat and/or food resources. These results suggest that there is not evidence an for ontogenetic shift from mangroves to reefs, and support other studies that propose lionfish are opportunistic forages with little movement across habitats. 相似文献
486.
PCR‐based techniques to determine diet of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea): a comparison with morphological analysis 下载免费PDF全文
Kristian J. Peters Kathy Ophelkeller Herdina Nathan J. Bott Simon D. Goldsworthy 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(4):1428-1439
Comprehensive dietary information for the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is currently limited by the deficiency and poor quality of identifiable prey remains recovered from regurgitate and faeces and the difficulty of observing feeding in the wild. In this study, we investigated DNA‐based prey detection methods using conventional (end‐point) and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) on faeces collected from two captive Australian sea lions fed experimental diets of whole teleost fish, squid and shark tissue. PCR prey detection methods using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S genes combined with clone sequencing were compared with prey identified using traditional hard part analysis. The molecular results indicated that prey DNA was degraded. However, prey amplification was successful by targeting short (71 bp) DNA fragments. Both conventional PCR and qPCR techniques significantly increased prey detection compared with analysis of hard parts. For both sea lions, the hard part analysis was constrained by sporadic and extremely low recovery of fish otoliths (<2%), and cephalopod beaks were not recovered from the 116 squid fed. Comparisons between PCR techniques indicated comparable prey detection frequencies for all species tested; however, the sensitivity and greater resolution of qPCR improved prey detection by ~25% in one sea lion fed the experimental squid and perch. The detection of squid DNA ≤ 6 day post‐ingestion by qPCR further exhibits the ability and potential of this method to detect low concentrations of infrequent or pulse prey. This study highlights the use of DNA‐based analysis to detect prey taxa in the absence of identifiable hard prey remains. 相似文献
487.
内壳是头足类重要的硬组织器官之一,鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)内壳的生长具有不可逆性,是记录鸢乌贼整个生活史信息的良好载体。根据2019年3~5月中国灯光罩网渔船在西北印度洋生产调查期间采集的鸢乌贼样本,利用碳氮稳定同位素技术,研究了个体间的营养生态位关系、摄食习性等。结果表明,雌、雄鸢乌贼个体的内壳δ13C不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),而δ15N存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。营养生态位结果显示,雄性群体的生态位宽幅比雌性群体的要大。雌、雄个体的内壳生长对δ13C均没有显著影响(P>0.05),但雌、雄个体的内壳生长对δ15N均有显著影响(P<0.05), δ13C (1.28‰)和δ15N (3.46‰)值的变化表明鸢乌贼在生长过程中存在洄游现象,营养等级发生改变,且同时期的雌性个体较雄性个体捕食营养层级更高的食物。 相似文献
488.
489.
为筛选适合添加于草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)饲料的植物源免疫增强剂,本试验以白芍(Radix paeoniae Alba)、杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)和知母(Rhizoma anemarrhenae)三种允饲植物配制的复方制剂A、B和C为研究对象,开展其对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的比较研究。试验将二龄草鱼随机分成6个试验组和1个对照组,试验组和对照组按鱼体重量的3%每天分别投喂添加复方制剂的饲料和空白饲料。试验第7、14、21、28天分别采集试验草鱼血液,用于检测血液细胞组分、血清溶菌酶、血清SOD;试验第29天,对各组试验草鱼进行腹腔注射嗜水气单胞菌活菌,记录攻毒后14天内各组草鱼的存活率。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验第14天时,以2%和4%剂量添加的复方制剂A分别显著提高草鱼白细胞吞噬活性128%和143%,分别提高草鱼血清溶菌酶活性69%和85%,分别提高草鱼血清SOD活性61%和55%;连用28天对草鱼的保护率分别达到49%和55%,复方制剂A对草鱼非特异性免疫增强效果优于复方制剂B和C。 相似文献
490.
食物资源不足条件下螯足数量对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)摄食行为和种内竞食能力的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
鉴于池塘养殖条件下三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)种内相残现象严重,螯足缺失率较高之实际。本研究对三疣梭子蟹的螯足进行了缺失处理,设置了无螯组(C0)、1螯足组(C1)和2螯足组(C2),在实验室内食物资源不足条件下,探讨了螯足数量(螯足缺失)对三疣梭子蟹摄食行为和竞食能力的影响。结果表明:(1)螯足数量对三疣梭子蟹的索食时间无显著影响(P0.05);(2)缺失螯足(C1,C2组)的三疣梭子蟹均可正常摄食,其中C0组蟹可用第一步足代替螯足抱持食物,将食物送入口中,表现出明显的行为补偿策略,但其啃食速度较慢,啃食耗时是C2组蟹的2倍;(3)C0、C1、C2组三疣梭子蟹均有部分个体同时抢占2份食物,其比率与个体具有的螯足数量有关,螯足越多,同时抢占2份食物的比率越高,其中C2组中有20%个体同时抢占了2份食物,而C0组仅有3%个体同时抢占了2份食物;(4)从螯足数量不同的三疣梭子蟹遭同类抢食的次数、比率来看,螯足数量越多的三疣梭子蟹,抢食欲望、抢食能力越强,而且更趋向向双螯均缺失个体发起抢夺性攻击,表现出明显的"强欺弱"现象;(5)螯足缺失直接影响了三疣梭子蟹对食物的保护,其中C0组中50%个体持有的食物可被同类抢走。整体上,缺失单个螯足对三疣梭子蟹摄食和竞食行为的影响不大,而缺失双螯将严重影响了三疣梭子蟹的摄食和竞食能力。 相似文献