VTI介质qP波方程高精度有限差分算子   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

吴国忱  梁锴 《地球物理学进展》2007,22(3):896-904

波动方程有限差分法是一种使用广泛的地震波数值模拟方法.但是有限差分法本身固有存在着数值频散问题，会降低地震波场模拟的精度与分辨率.为了克服常规有限差分算子的数值频散，本文针对VTI介质地震波数值模拟问题，构造了频率-空间域qP波波动方程高精度有限差分优化算子，根据最优化理论中高斯-牛顿法确定了高精度有限差分算子的优化系数.利用常规差分算子和高精度优化差分算子对归一化相速度的频散关系精度进行了对比分析，并对均匀各向同性介质和均匀VTI介质中的qP波地震波场进行了有限差分数值模拟，通过频散关系精度分析和波场数值模拟结果表明：有限差分优化算子具有较高的波场数值模拟精度，有效压制了传统有限差分算子数值模拟中的数值频散现象，提高了有限差分算子精度，为VTI介质频率-空间域qP波正演模拟奠定了基础.  相似文献   

Seismic amplitude inversion for the transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry     

Feng Zhang  Tuo Zhang  Xiang-Yang Li 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(9):2368-2385

Transverse isotropy with a vertical axis of symmetry is a common form of anisotropy in sedimentary basins, and it has a significant influence on the seismic amplitude variation with offset. Although exact solutions and approximations of the PP-wave reflection coefficient for the transversely isotropic media with vertical axis of symmetry have been explicitly studied, it is difficult to apply these equations to amplitude inversion, because more than three parameters need to be estimated, and such an inverse problem is highly ill-posed. In this paper, we propose a seismic amplitude inversion method for the transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry based on a modified approximation of the reflection coefficient. This new approximation consists of only three model parameters: attribute A, the impedance (vertical phase velocity multiplied by bulk density); attribute B, shear modulus proportional to an anellipticity parameter (Thomsen's parameter ε−δ); and attribute C, the approximate horizontal P-wave phase velocity, which can be well estimated by using a Bayesian-framework-based inversion method. Using numerical tests we show that the derived approximation has similar accuracy to the existing linear approximation and much higher accuracy than isotropic approximations, especially at large angles of incidence and for strong anisotropy. The new inversion method is validated by using both synthetic data and field seismic data. We show that the inverted attributes are robust for shale-gas reservoir characterization: the shale formation can be discriminated from surrounding formations by using the crossplot of the attributes A and C, and then the gas-bearing shale can be identified through the combination of the attributes A and B. We then propose a rock-physics-based method and a stepwise-inversion-based method to estimate the P-wave anisotropy parameter (Thomsen's parameter ε). The latter is more suitable when subsurface media are strongly heterogeneous. The stepwise inversion produces a stable and accurate Thomsen's parameter ε, which is proved by using both synthetic and field data.  相似文献   

稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放特征及其能值评估     

陶玲  彭亮  代梨梨  杨镇  陈思媛  可毅  李谷 《湖泊科学》2023,35(1):168-180

为探明稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放特征并合理评价该模式的环境可持续性,通过对江汉平原稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD和氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度进行监测,对稻虾轮作模式稻田养殖小龙虾的排污系数进行了估算,并采用等标污染负荷法进行了主要污染物解析。运用能值分析方法对稻虾轮作模式进行了包含面源污染的能值评估,对比单季稻模式,对其可持续发展能力进行了定量评价。结果表明：江汉平原稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中TN、TP、COD和NH₃-N的浓度范围分别为0.53～5.36、0.12～0.70、6.60～78.39和0.34～1.75 mg/L,TN、TP和COD平均排放浓度高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准。等标污染负荷法分析结果表明TN的等标负荷比最高,是稻虾轮作模式面源污染控制的关键污染物。稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中TN、TP、COD和NH₃-N的排污系数分别为2.994、0.458、35.132和1.405 kg/t,表明稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放系数较低,对...  相似文献   

A framework to facilitate development and testing of image-based river velocimetry algorithms     

Carl J. Legleiter  Paul J. Kinzel 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2024,49(4):1361-1382

Image-based methods have compelling, demonstrated potential for characterizing flow fields in rivers, but algorithms like particle image velocimetry (PIV) must be further tested and improved to enable more effective use of these techniques. This paper presents a framework designed for this exact purpose: Simulating Hydraulics and Images for Velocimetry Evaluation and Refinement (SHIVER). The approach involves coupling a hydrodynamic model with a synthetic particle generator to advect particles between frames, as dictated by local velocity vectors and thus construct a plausible image sequence specific to the reach of interest. The resulting time series can then be used as input to a velocimetry algorithm to compare image-derived estimates with known (modelled) velocities to perform an exhaustive, spatially distributed accuracy assessment. As an example application of SHIVER, we examined the effects of interrogation area (IA) size, frame rate, flow velocity, and image sequence duration on the performance of a standard PIV algorithm. This analysis indicated that image-derived velocities were generally in close agreement with those from the flow model (root mean square error <10% and mean bias <3%), except when small IAs were coupled with low frame rates. Velocity estimates were most accurate for the lowest modelled discharge ( $$ at baseflow) and became less reliable as the mean flow velocity increased ( $$ for an intermediate discharge and $$ at bankfull). Accuracy was essentially independent of image sequence duration, implying that long occupations might not be necessary. Errors were concentrated along channel margins, where PIV-based velocities tended to be greater than those from the flow model. Small IAs led to underpredictions of velocity, while larger IAs led to overpredictions. SHIVER is highly modular and could be updated to make use of different hydrodynamic models or image simulators. The framework could also facilitate more thorough sensitivity analyses and comparison of various velocimetry algorithms.  相似文献   

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Analysis to Develop Low-Energy Large-Midwater Trawls     

Jihoon LEE  Taeho KIM  Chun-Woo LEE  Subong PARK 《海洋工程》2017,(6):700-708

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern because of its effects on the environment and the costs incurred by fishermen. Many studies have been conducted to reduce the fuel consumption in fishing operations. Fuel consumption due to fishing gear during a fishing operation is generally related to the hydrodynamic resistance on the gear. This means that fuel consumption is proportional to the drag created by the towing speed. Based on numerical methods, this study suggests a new approach to reduce fuel consumption in fisheries. The results of the simulation are in good agreement with those of model experiments. The total as well as partial resistance forces on the gear are calculated by simulation. The simulation results suggest improved materials and gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining gear performance. The method for assessing the gear performance involves measuring the height and width of the net mouth. Furthermore, this study investigates the efficiency of a low-energy trawl from an economic point of view. The findings of this study will be useful in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in fishing operations, and thereby contribute toward lowering fishing costs by saving fuel.  相似文献   

水平单轴应力与横波反射系数          下载免费PDF全文

刘金霞  崔志文  王克协 《地球物理学报》2016,59(4):1469-1476

地球物理勘探中,地下应力的估测是非常重要的.本文利用应力诱导的弱各向异性的各向异性参数,借助已有的具有水平对称轴横向各向同性介质顾及高阶小量的横波反射系数近似公式,针对下介质为各向同性受单轴应力作用情况随应力的增加求取应力精度降低的问题,从横波反射系数近似公式的推导出发,联合SH波与SV波反射系数给出新的改进的单轴应力与横波反射系数的直观表达式;计算并对比了受单轴应力作用的各向同性介质的横波近似和严格的反射系数,并利用理论得到的横波反射系数对应力进行了估值.结果表明,利用改进后横波反射系数与应力的直观表达式,当应力增加时,应力估值精度有了明显的改善,这为利用横波反射数据直观估测应力提供理论依据.  相似文献   

Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew J. Westoby  Neil F. Glasser  Michael J. Hambrey  James Brasington  John M. Reynolds  Mohamed A. A. M. Hassan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1675-1692

Recession of high‐mountain glaciers in response to climatic change frequently results in the development of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes. Moraine dam failure is often accompanied by the release of large volumes of water and sediment, termed a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Chukhung Glacier is a small (~3 km²) receding valley glacier in Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) National Park, Nepal. Unlike many Himalayan glaciers, which possess a thick mantle of supraglacial debris, its surface is relatively clean. The glacier terminus has receded 1.3 km from its maximum Holocene position, and in doing so provided the space for an ice‐contact moraine‐dammed lake to develop. The lake had a maximum volume of 5.5 × 10⁵ m³ and drained as a result of breaching of the terminal moraine. An estimated 1.3 × 10⁵ m³ of material was removed from the terminal moraine during breach development. Numerical dam‐breach modelling, implemented within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework, was used to investigate a range of moraine‐dam failure scenarios. Reconstructed outflow peak discharges, including failure via overtopping and piping mechanisms, are in the range 146–2200 m³ s^‐1. Results from two‐dimensional hydrodynamic GLOF modelling indicate that maximum local flow depths may have exceeded 9 m, with maximum flow velocities exceeding 20 m s^‐1 within 700 m of the breach. The floodwaters mobilised a significant amount of material, sourced mostly from the expanding breach, forming a 300 m long and 100 m wide debris fan originating at the breach exit. moraine‐dam. These results also suggest that inundation of the entire floodplain may have been achieved within ten minutes of initial breach development, suggesting that debris fan development was rapid. We discuss the key glaciological and geomorphological factors that have determined the evolution of a hazardous moraine‐dammed lake complex and the subsequent generation of a GLOF and its geomorphological impact. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Damping coefficients for soil–structure systems and evaluation of FEMA 440 subjected to pulse-like near-fault earthquakes     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

In this study, attempts are made to investigate the effects of inertial soil–structure interaction (SSI) on damping coefficients subjected to pulse-like near-fault ground motions. To this end, a suit of 91 pulse-like near-fault ground motions is adopted. The soil and superstructure are idealized employing cone model and single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillator, respectively. The results demonstrate that soil flexibility reduces and amplifies the damping coefficients for structural viscous damping levels higher and lower than 5%, respectively. The coefficients reach one for both acceleration and displacement responses in cases of dominant SSI effects. The effect of structure dimensions on damping confidents are found insignificant. Moreover, damping coefficients of displacement responses are higher than those of acceleration responses for both fixed-base and flexible-base systems. Evaluation of damping correction factor introduced by FEMA 440 shows its inefficiency to predict acceleration response of soil–structure systems under pulse-like near-fault ground motions. Soil flexibility makes the damping correction factor of moderate earthquakes more pronounced and a distinctive peak value is reported for cases with dominant SSI effects.  相似文献   

Oblique wave scattering by undulating porous bottom in a two-layer fluid: Fourier transform approach     

Srikumar Panda 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2014,108(6):587-614

The problem involving scattering of oblique waves by small undulation on the porous ocean bed in a two-layer fluid is investigated within the framework of linearised theory of water waves where the upper layer is free to the atmosphere. In such a two-layer fluid, there exist waves with two different wave numbers (modes): wave with lower wave number propagates along the free surface whilst that with higher wave number propagates along the interface. When an oblique incident wave of a particular mode encounters the undulating bottom, it gets reflected and transmitted into waves of both modes so that some of the wave energy transferred from one mode to another mode. Perturbation analysis in conjunction with Fourier transform technique is used to derive the first-order corrections of velocity potentials, reflection and transmission coefficients at both modes due to oblique incident waves of both modes. One special type of undulating bottom topography is considered as an example to evaluate the related coefficients in detail. These coefficients are shown in graphical forms to demonstrate the transformation of water wave energy between the two modes. Comparisons between the present results with those in the literature are made for particular cases and the agreements are found to be satisfactory. In addition, energy identity, an important relation in the study of water wave theory, is derived with the help of the Green’s integral theorem.  相似文献   

太湖浮游藻类的后向散射分离及其叶绿素a浓度反演     

阎福礼  刘韶菲  王世新  周艺 《地球信息科学学报》2014,16(6):989-996

浮游藻类的后向散射是水体光谱构成的重要组成部分,作为水体辐射传输模型中的重要参数,高精度的藻类后向散射系数对水体叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度至关重要。本文以简化的辐射传输模型-生物光学模型为基础,尝试性分离了太湖浮游藻类的后向散射系数。通过藻类后向散射规律分析,建立了浮游藻类吸收、后向散射特征的叶绿素a反演模型,改善了叶绿素a浓度的遥感反演精度。分析表明：藻类颗粒物的后向散射系数与吸收系数之间存在反比关系,且在560 nm、700 nm附近存在明显的散射峰,与叶绿素a浓度之间相关性显著;低密度藻类水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以非色素颗粒为主导,适合采用经典的指数模型模拟后向散射系数,而藻类密度较高的富营养化水体,水体总悬浮颗粒的后向散射以藻类颗粒为主导,传统的指数模型已不适用;采用分离藻类后向散射系数的方法,使得叶绿素a浓度的反演值与真实值相关系数从0.66提高到0.98,相对误差从55%降低到38%,均方根误差(RMSE)也由60.95 μg/L降低至13.98 μg/L。其真实性检验表明,与经典指数模型方法相比,利用藻类颗粒后向散射分离方法反演叶绿素a浓度,能够显著改善反演精度。  相似文献