Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew J. Westoby  Neil F. Glasser  Michael J. Hambrey  James Brasington  John M. Reynolds  Mohamed A. A. M. Hassan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1675-1692

Recession of high‐mountain glaciers in response to climatic change frequently results in the development of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes. Moraine dam failure is often accompanied by the release of large volumes of water and sediment, termed a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Chukhung Glacier is a small (~3 km²) receding valley glacier in Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) National Park, Nepal. Unlike many Himalayan glaciers, which possess a thick mantle of supraglacial debris, its surface is relatively clean. The glacier terminus has receded 1.3 km from its maximum Holocene position, and in doing so provided the space for an ice‐contact moraine‐dammed lake to develop. The lake had a maximum volume of 5.5 × 10⁵ m³ and drained as a result of breaching of the terminal moraine. An estimated 1.3 × 10⁵ m³ of material was removed from the terminal moraine during breach development. Numerical dam‐breach modelling, implemented within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework, was used to investigate a range of moraine‐dam failure scenarios. Reconstructed outflow peak discharges, including failure via overtopping and piping mechanisms, are in the range 146–2200 m³ s^‐1. Results from two‐dimensional hydrodynamic GLOF modelling indicate that maximum local flow depths may have exceeded 9 m, with maximum flow velocities exceeding 20 m s^‐1 within 700 m of the breach. The floodwaters mobilised a significant amount of material, sourced mostly from the expanding breach, forming a 300 m long and 100 m wide debris fan originating at the breach exit. moraine‐dam. These results also suggest that inundation of the entire floodplain may have been achieved within ten minutes of initial breach development, suggesting that debris fan development was rapid. We discuss the key glaciological and geomorphological factors that have determined the evolution of a hazardous moraine‐dammed lake complex and the subsequent generation of a GLOF and its geomorphological impact. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

抑制涡激振动的螺旋列板设计参数研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

沙勇  曹静  张恩勇  周巍伟  陈严飞 《海洋工程》2013,31(1):43-48

基于水池模型实验结果和工程设计经验,结合国内外试验数据,着重分析用于抑制海洋立管涡激振动的螺旋列板几何参数(鳍高和螺距)及覆盖率对立管涡激振动的影响;并对水动力直径和水动力系数的选取对预报涡激振动的影响进行了分析,进而提出了适合于海洋立管工程应用的螺旋列板几何和设计参数选取的建议,为螺旋列板工程应用、海洋立管强度和疲劳设计提供参考。  相似文献   

锚固岩石边坡地震稳定性拟动力分析     

阮晓波  孙树林  刘文亮 《岩土力学》2013,34(Z1):293-300

地震易发地区的锚固岩石边坡,需要研究其地震稳定性。对于锚固典型岩石边坡,在考虑水平与竖向地震力、张裂缝积水深度、坡顶超载、锚索倾角、锚索位置、锚索拉力及静水与动水压力等的条件下,运用拟静力和拟动力方法分别推导了不同工况条件下其抗滑和抗倾覆地震安全系数。分析表明,竖向向上地震力有利于锚固岩石边坡的抗滑稳定,而竖向下的地震力有利于锚固岩石边坡的抗倾覆稳定;在相同工况条件下,当岩体放大系数等于1.0时,拟动力与拟静力方法所得锚固岩石边坡地震安全系数相差无几,但是,当岩体放大系数逐渐增大时,拟动力方法所得地震安全系数越来越明显地小于拟静力方法所得地震安全系数。因此,在抗震设计当中适当的考虑岩体放大系数,将会有利于锚固岩石边坡的安全设计。  相似文献   

“威马逊”台风暴潮增水及水动力响应数值模拟     

黄潘阳  叶银灿  韦雁机  来向华 《海洋预报》2012,29(2):32-38

基于河口海岸水动力三维数值计算模型,建立浙江沿海天文潮与风暴潮耦合预报模式。利用该模式,对经过浙江沿海海域的台风"威马逊"进行数值计算,风暴潮增水计算结果与实测值符合较好,误差基本在±20 cm以内。计算增水值与传统的调和分析法所得的增水结果相比,也较为一致。进一步对局部水动力响应的研究发现,风暴潮期间,局部地区从底到表各层水流流速均急剧增大或减小,其值达到了与天文潮流同等的数量级。当水流流向与风向相同或相近时,流速增大,相反时,则流速减小。且台风期间,各层水流流向也随风向发生改变,流态变得更加复杂。  相似文献   

基于力学过程的蓄滞洪区洪水风险评估模型及应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

果鹏  夏军强  陈倩  李娜 《水科学进展》2017,28(6):858-867

为定量评估分蓄洪工程启用过程中蓄滞洪区的洪水风险等级,创建了基于力学过程的蓄滞洪区洪水风险评估模型。该模型采用二维水动力学模块计算蓄滞洪区的洪水演进过程,利用洪水中人体跌倒失稳公式及洪水中房屋、农作物损失的计算关系式,评估各类受淹对象的洪水风险等级。然后将二维水动力学模块计算的洪水要素与两个物理模型试验值进行对比,表明二维水动力学模块的计算精度良好。最后计算了荆江分洪工程启用时分洪区内洪水的演进过程,并评估洪灾中群众的危险等级和财产损失。计算结果表明:洪水演进至140 h时,蓄滞洪区群众、房屋、水稻和棉花的平均损失率分别为85%、59%、63%和72%。模型中提出的采用基于受淹对象失稳机制的洪水风险分析方法,比以往经验水深法划分风险等级的适用性更好,不仅能为洪水风险管理及蓄滞洪区启用标准制定提供参考,也能推广应用于溃坝或堰塞湖溃决等极端洪水风险评估。  相似文献   

出渗对均匀大粒径泥沙附近水动力特性影响          下载免费PDF全文

蒋昌波  刘洋  邓斌  刘易庄  陈家源 《水科学进展》2017,28(1):67-75

为探讨出渗对均匀大粒径泥沙颗粒周围水流特性的影响,基于粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对出渗影响下的均匀大粒径泥沙颗粒群周围水流结构进行测量,并对不同出渗强度下颗粒群周围立面二维流场结构进行了分析。试验结果表明:出渗能够减小颗粒群周围原水流运动方向的流速,而增大垂直向上的流速,且两者均随着出渗强度的增强而对流速的影响愈加明显;根据实测数据,拟合出考虑出渗影响下的均匀大粒径泥沙周围纵向流速分布公式,相关性较好;出渗能增强颗粒群附近的紊动强度,加剧周围水体的能量耗散;随着出渗强度的增强,颗粒群周围的涡量值随之减小。  相似文献   

Metal Ion Extraction with Bipyridine Derivatives as Chelating Ligands in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide     

Hai‐Jian Yang  Hakwon Kim  Cun‐Yue Guo 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(2):159-166

Three fluorinated bipyridine ligands have been designed and synthesized as chelating agents for the extraction of metal ions in supercritical CO₂ (sc‐CO₂). The ligand solubilities in sc‐CO₂ were investigated at different temperatures and pressures, and the measured data have been correlated using a semiempirical model. The calculated results showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Based on these data, metal ion extraction with the three compounds as chelating agents in sc‐CO₂ was performed from spiked filter paper, whereby ligand 1 showed the highest extraction efficiency, especially for Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺. The extraction constants, K_ex, of the three chelating ligands were seen to increase with increasing extraction efficiency for the same metal ion in the same extraction system.  相似文献   

Impact of climate change on floodplain inundation and hydrological connectivity between wetlands and rivers in a tropical river catchment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Fazlul Karim  Cuan Petheram  Steve Marvanek  Catherine Ticehurst  Jim Wallace  Masud Hasan 《水文研究》2016,30(10):1574-1593

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暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟方法研究——以上海中心城区为例     

黄清雨  董军刚  李梦雅  王军 《地球信息科学学报》2016,18(4):506-513

本文采用地理信息系统技术（GIS）与水文/水动力学相结合的方法,使用修正的SCS模型进行产流模拟,利用局部等体积法和水动力模型进行汇流模拟,建立了基于情景的城市暴雨内涝危险性模拟工具,并对相同雨强情景下不同汇流模型的模拟结果与精度进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）局部等体积法计算简单,对降雨的时程分配较为敏感,峰前历时和雨强对结果影响显著,较适合于雨型确定的城市暴雨内涝危险性快速模拟;水动力模型计算复杂,与整个降雨历时存在明显关系,模拟精度较高。（2）利用台风“麦莎”带来强降雨导致的积水实测数据,对模拟结果进行对比和验证,表明本文建立的水动力模型法模拟结果与实测降雨积水更为接近,更适合上海中心城区暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟。  相似文献   

Water wave diffraction by a surface-piercing floating compound porous cylinder in finite depth     

Abhijit Sarkar 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(4):348-376

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