Synergistic Effects of Nitrogen Amendments and Ethylene on Atmospheric Methane Uptake under a Temperate Old-growth Forest     

XU Xingkai  HAN Lin  LUO Xianbao  HAN Shijie 《大气科学进展》2011,28(4):843-854

An increase in atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition can promote soil acidification, which may increase the release of ethylene (C2H4) under forest floors. Unfortunately, knowledge of whether increasing N deposition and C2H4 releases have synergistic effects on soil methane (CH4) uptake is limited and certainly deserves to be examined. We conducted some field measurements and laboratory experiments to examine this issue. The addition of (NH4)2SO4 or NH4Cl at a rate of 45 kg N ha-1 yr-1 reduced the soil CH4 uptake under a temperate old-growth forest in northeast China, and there were synergistic effects of N amendments in the presence of C2H4 concentrations equal to atmospheric CH4 concentration on the soil CH4 uptake, particularly in the NH4Cl-treated plots. Effective concentrations of added C2H4 on the soil CH4 uptake were smaller in NH+4 -treated plots than in KNO3-treated plots. The concentration of ca 0.3 μl C2H4 L-1 in the headspace gases reduced by 20% soil atmospheric CH4 uptake in the NH4Cl-treated plots, and this concentration was easily produced in temperate forest topsoils under short-term anoxic conditions. Together with short-term stimulating effects of N amendments and soil acidification on C2H4 production from forest soils, our observations suggest that knowledge of synergistic effects of NH+4 , rather than NO3- , amendments and C2H4 on the in situ soil CH4 uptake is critical for understanding the role of atmospheric N deposition and cycling of C2H4 under forest floors in reducing global atmospheric CH4 uptake by forests. Synergistic functions of NH4+ -N deposition and C2H4 release due to soil acidification in reducing atmospheric CH4 uptake by forests are discussed.  相似文献   

沙尘表面非均相吸附系数不确定性及其影响的数值模式研究     

李嘉伟  韩志伟 《大气科学》2011,35(1):55-67

本文从实验气溶胶样品、实验技术和分析方法三个方面对以往的实验室研究结果进行综合分析, 归纳总结出适合东亚地区沙尘气溶胶的非均相吸附系数γ的参考值, 并利用区域大气化学模式, 模拟研究了非均相吸附系数γ的不确定性对东亚地区沙尘气溶胶非均相化学过程的影响。为了研究非均相反应对γ的敏感性, 针对其中四种物质(HNO3、N2O5、O3和SO2) 的γ上限值和下限值, 分别进行了T-up (上限值) 和T-low(下限值)两个敏感实验; 针对相对湿度对HNO3和N2O5非均相吸附系数的影响进行了T-rh敏感实验。模拟结果与观测资料进行了对比分析, 结果表明模式可以比较好地反映气态物质、气溶胶浓度的演变过程和非均相反应过程。考虑非均相反应后模拟的硫酸盐和硝酸盐浓度与观测值更接近一些。采用γ参考值的模拟结果总体上比采用γ上限值和γ下限值更合理, 把γ系数作为相对湿度的函数来处理比作为常数处理更合理。沙尘气溶胶通过非均相化学反应, 可以使模拟区域内SO2、NOx和O3的平均浓度下降, 使硫酸盐和硝酸盐颗粒物浓度增加, 采用γ参考值计算得到3 km以下的上述物质的变化率分别为－3.44%、－5.92%、－1.75%、5.22%和23.25%, 显示沙尘表面非均相化学反应对大气化学成分特别是气溶胶有较大的影响; 不同γ取值对上述物质变化率有一定影响, 其中对硝酸盐和臭氧的影响较大, T-up和T-low 模拟结果之间可以相差13.4%和10.1%。  相似文献   

Size-dependent uptake of nitrate and ammonium as a function of light in well-mixed temperate coastal waters     

Jean-François Maguer  Stéphane L'HelguenJulien Caradec  Cécile Klein 《Continental Shelf Research》2011,31(15):1620-1631

The effect of light on nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) uptake by natural communities was investigated in relation to cell size (<10 and >10 μm) in the well-mixed coastal waters of the English Channel. Nitrogen (N) uptake kinetics as a function of irradiance were assessed using ¹⁵N tracer techniques, for a seasonal cycle of populations collected at 50% and 1% light penetration depth. The nitrogen uptake responses to irradiance can be represented by the formulation used to describe the photosynthesis versus irradiance relationships and modified by the addition of a dark uptake parameter. The response curves of two size fractions of phytoplankton collected at 50% and 1% of incident light did not differ significantly, which suggested that the physiological characteristics of N uptake were not affected by the light intensity at which the phytoplankton assemblages were sampled. The kinetics parameters indicated that the NO₃⁻ uptake system was more strongly dependent on light than the NH₄⁺ uptake system. They also showed that N uptake was less limited by the light intensity in the small size fraction than it was in the large size fraction. At the mean light intensity in the water column, kinetics analysis predicted a NH₄⁺ uptake that was on average 1.8 (±0.6) and 2.4 (±1.0) times greater than the NO₃⁻ uptake, for <10 and >10 μm size fractions, respectively. The kinetics also predicted, at the in situ mean light intensity, that the mean ability to take up nitrogen was twice as high (1.8±0.5) for the small than for the large cells when the N substrate was NH₄⁺ and more than twice as high (2.6±1.5) when the substrate was NO₃⁻. These results added to our understanding of the light effect on N uptake processes in well-mixed waters, and can largely explain the phytoplankton production, mainly regenerated and dominated by small cells, that has been observed in these waters.  相似文献   

Effects of ambient DIN:DIP ratio on the nitrogen uptake of harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense in turbidistat     

��� 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2011,29(4):746-761

The effects of varying nitrogen (N): phosphorus (P) ratios on the growth and N-uptake and assimilation of the harmful dinoflagellates Prorocentrum minimum and Prorocentrum donghaiense were examined in turbidistat culture experiments. Algal cultures were supplied with media containing PO34? in various concentrations to obtain a wide range of N:P ratios. Experiments to determine rates of N uptake and assimilation of different N sources (NO3?, NH4+, urea and glycine by P. minimum and NO3?, NH4+ by P. donghaiense) were conducted using 15N tracer techniques at each N:P ratio. The growth rates suggested nutrient limitation at both high and low N:P ratios relative to the Redfield ratio. On a diel basis, the growth of both species was regulated by the light-dark cycle, which may be a result of regulation of both light- dependent growth and light-independent nutrient uptake. Maximum growth rates of both species always occurred at the beginning of light phase. In P-rich medium (low N:P ratio), both species had higher N assimilation rates, suggesting N limitation. Low assimilation coefficients at high N:P ratios suggested P limitation of N uptake and assimilation. NO3? and NH4+ contributed more than 90% of the total N uptake of P. minimum. Reduced N sources were more quickly assimilated than NO3?. Highest average daily growth rates were recorded near an N:P ratio of 12 for both species. The N uptake rates of cultures at N:P ratios near Redfield ratio were more balanced with growth rates. The linkage between growth rates and N uptake/assimilation rates were conceptually described by the variation of cell N quota. The N:P ratios affect the N uptake and growth of Prorocentrum spp., and may regulate their bloom progression in eutrophic ecosystems.  相似文献   

Mass‐balance modeling of mineral weathering rates and CO2 consumption in the forested,metabasaltic Hauver Branch watershed,Catoctin Mountain,Maryland, USA     

Jason R. Price  Karen C. Rice  David W. Szymanski 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2013,38(8):859-875

Mineral weathering rates and a forest macronutrient uptake stoichiometry were determined for the forested, metabasaltic Hauver Branch watershed in north‐central Maryland, USA. Previous studies of Hauver Branch have had an insufficient number of analytes to permit determination of rates of all the minerals involved in chemical weathering, including biomass. More equations in the mass‐balance matrix were added using existing mineralogic information. The stoichiometry of a deciduous biomass term was determined using multi‐year weekly to biweekly stream‐water chemistry for a nearby watershed, which drains relatively unreactive quartzite bedrock. At Hauver Branch, calcite hosts ~38 mol% of the calcium ion (Ca²⁺) contained in weathering minerals, but its weathering provides ~90% of the stream water Ca²⁺. This occurs in a landscape with a regolith residence time of more than several Ka (kiloannum). Previous studies indicate that such old regolith does not typically contain dissolving calcite that affects stream Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios. The relatively high calcite dissolution rate likely reflects dissolution of calcite in fractures of the deep critical zone. Of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) consumed by mineral weathering, calcite is responsible for approximately 27%, with the silicate weathering consumption rate far exceeding that of the global average. The chemical weathering of mafic terrains in decaying orogens thus may be capable of influencing global geochemical cycles, and therefore, climate, on geological timescales. Based on carbon‐balance calculations, atmospheric‐derived sulfuric acid is responsible for approximately 22% of the mineral weathering occurring in the watershed. Our results suggest that rising air temperatures, driven by global warming and resulting in higher precipitation, will cause the rate of chemical weathering in the Hauver Branch watershed to increase until a threshold temperature is reached. Beyond the threshold temperature, increased recharge would produce a shallower groundwater table and reduced chemical weathering rates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Pseudo-hysteretic double-front hiatus-stage soil water parcels supplying a plant–root continuum: the Green-Ampt-Youngs model revisited     

Anvar Kacimov 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):237-248

Abstract

A tension-saturated water slug descends through a homogenous soil after a rainfall (irrigation) event and shrinks due to transpiration by a distributed root-sink and evaporation. The upper (drainage) and lower (imbibition) sharp fronts of the slug separate it from the superjacent and subjacent vadose zones, where water is immobile. In the slug, the hydraulic conductivity is constant according to the Green-Ampt model. The capillary pressures as well as effective porosities on the fronts are given (generally, different) constants that can be viewed as a kind of hysteresis. A volumetric sink models mild (no desaturation of the slug) soil water withdrawal by the plant roots. The sink intensity varies with the depth from the soil surface and with time. Mathematically, the hydraulic head is immediately expressed by double integration of a governing 1-D flow equation. The pressure and kinematic conditions on the fronts result in a Cauchy problem for a system of two ODEs, which is solved by computer algebra routines.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Kacimov, A. and Obnosov, U., 2013. Pseudo-hysteretic double-front hiatus-stage soil water parcels supplying a plant–root continuum: the Green-Ampt-Youngs model revisited. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–12.  相似文献   

Modelling hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg,Germany     

M. Wegehenkel  F. Beyrich 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):376-394

Abstract

The study analyses a 2-year period of hourly rates of real evapotranspiration (ETr) derived from eddy covariance measurements and soil water contents at depths from 8 to 90 cm, monitored by time domain reflectometry probes at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg of the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory – Richard-Aßmann-Observatory, operated by the German Meteorological Service (DWD). The ETr rates and soil water contents were compared with the results of a modelling approach consisting of the Penman-Monteith equation and the soil water balance model Hydrus-1D using a noncompensatory and a compensatory root-water uptake model. After optimization of soil hydraulic parameters by inverse modelling, using measured soil water contents as the objective function, simulated and measured model outputs showed good agreement for soil water contents above 90 cm depth and for ETr rates simulated by our modelling approaches using noncompensatory root-water uptake. The application of a compensatory root-water uptake model led to a decrease in the simulation quality for the total investigation period.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Wegehenkel, M. and Beyrich, F., 2014. Modelling of hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg, Germany. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (2), 376–394.  相似文献   

The effects of partial rootzone drying on root, trunk sap flow and water balance in an irrigated pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchard     

Shaozhong Kang  Xiaotao Hu  Peter Jerie  Jianhua Zhang   《Journal of Hydrology》2003,280(1-4):192-206

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) means that part of the root system is watered as in full irrigation while the rest is exposed to soil drying. This practice is predicted to influence field hydrological circle. We studied the effect of this practice on soil water distribution, root and trunk sap flow, water consumption of pear trees, and capillary contribution from ground water table and water balance for three months in an irrigated orchard with a shallow ground water table. The irrigation treatments included: (a) conventional flooded irrigation (CFI), (b) fixed partial rootzone drying (FPRD), and (c) alternate partial rootzone drying (APRD). Root and trunk sap flows were monitored using a heat-pulse sap flow meter. The results showed that there were significant differences of soil water content in both sides of rootzone under partial drying. The capillary contribution from ground water table was significantly increased in APRD and FPRD when compared with CFI. More significantly, the total irrigation amount was greatly reduced, by 43.64 and 45.84%, respectively, for APRD and FPRD. The two PRD treatments used more soil-stored water while CFI had more drainage. The root sap flow on the wet side was substantially enhanced as a result of PRD, and was greater than that from same side in CFI. The trunk sap flow in FPRD and APRD was smaller than that in CFI. On average, both APRD and FPRD reduced plant daily water consumption by about 9.96 and 17.97%, respectively, when compared to CFI during the PRD period. Daily root water flow was a significant function of the reference evapotranspiration. The daily trunk water flow was also related to the reference evapotranspiration but the CFI carried more water than APRD and FPRD under the same evaporation demand, suggesting a restriction of transpirational water loss in the PRD trees. CFI needed a higher soil water content to carry the same amount of trunk flow than the PRD trees, suggesting the hydraulic conductance of roots in PRD trees enhanced, and the roots had a greater water uptake capacity than in CFI when the average soil water content in the rootzone was the same.  相似文献   

Trace-element zoning patterns in porphyroblastic garnets in low-T eclogites: Parameter optimization of the diffusion-limited REE-uptake model     

Ryo Fukushima  Tatsuki Tsujimori  Shogo Aoki  Kazumasa Aoki 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12394

Compositional zoning patterns of the major elements and REEs in prograde-zoned garnets whose Mg/(Mg + Fe) atomic ratios increase rimward have been widely used to understand the metamorphic P–T–t trajectories, and the diffusion-limited REE-uptake model is a promising way to interpret their growth rates and the REE diffusion kinetics in the low-temperature eclogite. In order to elucidate their growth kinetics with Skora et al.'s (2006) diffusion-limited REE uptake model for prograde-zoned garnets, we examine the trace-element zoning patterns of two prograde-zoned porphyroblastic garnets (~6 mm in size) in low-temperature eclogites from two different localities. Core-to-rim trace-element profiles in a garnet (prp_5–9alm_61–67sps_1–3grs_24–30) of a glaucophane-bearing epidote eclogite of Syros (Cyclades, Greece) are characterized by the presence of Y + HREE peaks in the mantle, which might be attributed to a continuous breakdown of the titanite to form rutile during the garnet growth. In contrast, those in a garnet (prp_4–7alm_61–68sps_3–10grs_23–24) extracted from a lawsonite-eclogite of the South Motagua Mélange (SMM) (Guatemala) have prominent central peaks of Y + HREEs. Although the REE profiles of both the garnets can be explained by the diffusion-limited uptake, their Mn profiles suggest that their growth-rate laws are different: i.e., diffusion-controlled (Syros) and interface-controlled (SMM). Prior to the model application, we optimize the number of the parameters as the garnet grows with the interface-controlled processes based on the growth Péclet number. In particular, we propose the ratio of the REE diffusivity in the eclogitic matrix to the garnet growth rate as the new parameter. Visualizing the values of the new parameters allows to readily understand the relationship between the REE profiles and the REE-diffusion/garnet-growth kinetics in low-T eclogite. Our model refinement leads to the simple quantitative characterization of core-to-rim REE profiles in garnet in low-temperature eclogites.  相似文献   

Nitrogen Removal in Vegetated and Unvegetated Drainage Ditches Impacted by Diffuse and Point Sources of Pollution     

Enrica Pierobon  Giuseppe Castaldelli  Sara Mantovani  Fabio Vincenzi  Elisa Anna Fano 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(1):24-31

Secondary drainage canals have the potential to effectively mitigate excess nitrogen loads from diffuse and point sources. In vegetated (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) and in unvegetated canals subjected to diffuse and point pollution, nitrogen removal was evaluated by means of simple in–out mass balance and potential uptake by macrophytes was estimated from biomass data. Results suggest an elevated control of nitrogen in vegetated ditches receiving point source of pollution (average abatement of 50% of the total N load per linear km), whereas removal processes are much less effective in unvegetated ditches. The comparison between net abatement and plant uptake, highlights the presence of other unaccounted for processes responsible for a relevant percentage of total N removal. Overall, results from this study suggest the importance of actions aiming at the appropriate management of emergent vegetation, in order to improve its direct and indirect metabolic functions and maximize nitrogen removal in impacted watersheds.  相似文献