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91.
The Regional Eta-coordinate Model(REM) has performed well in forecasting heavy rainfalls in China in recent years.A four-dimensional variational assimilation system(4DVar) is developed to improve the forecast skill of the REM.The tangent linear model and adjoint model codes are written according to thecode to coderule,and the establishment of the REM adjoint modeling system is introduced in detail in this paper.The tangent linear and adjoint models of the REM are validated against the observational data,... 相似文献
92.
Using the output data of 20 coupled climate models used in IPCC AR4 and observational data from
NCEP, the capability of the models to simulate the boreal winter climatology of the East Asian sea level
pressure, 850-hPa wind, and surface air temperature; the decadal variations of the East Asian winter mon-
soon (EAWM) intensity and EAWM-related circulation, and the interdecadal variations of EAWM-related
circulation are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that 16 models can weakly simulate the declin-
ing trend of the EAWM in the 1980s. More than half of the models produce relatively reasonable decadal
variations of the EAWM-related circulation and the interdecadal di?erences of EAWM-related circulation
between the boreal winters of 1960-1985 and 1986-1998, including the weakened Siberian high, Aleutian low,
and East Asian trough, the enhanced Arctic oscillation and North Pacific oscillation, and a deepened polar
vortex. It is found that the performance of the multi-selected-model ensemble in reproducing the spatial dis-
tribution of the variations is encouraging, although the variational amplitudes are generally smaller than the
observations. In addition, it is found that BCCR_BCM2.0, CGCM3.1_T63, CNRM_CM3, CSIRO_MK3.0,
GISS-ER, INM_CM3.0, and MRI_CGCM2.3.2 perform well in every aspect 相似文献
93.
Application of a Bayesian model to infer the contribution of coalbed natural gas produced water to the Powder River,Wyoming and Montana 下载免费PDF全文
The Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming and Montana contains significant coal and coal bed natural gas (CBNG) resources. CBNG extraction requires the production of large volumes of water, much of which is discharged into existing drainages. Compared to surface waters, the CBNG produced water is high in sodium relative to calcium and magnesium, elevating the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). To mitigate the possible impact this produced water may have on the quality of surface water used for irrigation, the State of Montana passed water anti‐degradation legislation, which could affect CBNG production in Wyoming. In this study, we sought to determine the proportion of CBNG produced water discharged to tributaries that reaches the Powder River by implementing a four end‐member mixing model within a Bayesian statistical framework. The model accounts for the 87Sr/86Sr, δ13CDIC, [Sr] and [DIC] of CBNG produced water and surface water interacting with the three primary lithologies exposed in the PRB. The model estimates the relative contribution of the end members to the river water, while incorporating uncertainty associated with measurement and process error. Model results confirm that both of the tributaries associated with high CBNG activity are mostly composed of CBNG produced water (70–100%). The model indicates that up to 50% of the Powder River is composed of CBNG produced water downstream from the CBNG tributaries, decreasing with distance by dilution from non‐CBNG impacted tributaries from the point sources to ~10–20% at the Montana border. This amount of CBNG produced water does not significantly affect the SAR or electrical conductivity of the Powder River in Montana. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
94.
Gas exchange experiments were conducted in the tropical Atlantic Ocean during a ship expedition with FS Meteor using a small rubber raft. The temporal change of the mixing ratios of CO, H2, CH4 and N2O in the headspace of a floating glass box and the concentrations of these gases in the water phase were measured to determine their transfer velocities across the ocean-atmosphere interface. The ocean acted as a sink for these gases when the water was undersaturated with respect to the mixing ratio in the headspace. The transfer velocities were different for the individual gases and showed still large differences even when normalized for diffusivity. Applying the laminar film model, film thicknesses of 20 to 70 m were calculated for the observed flux rates of the different gas species. When the water was supersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO, H2, CH4 and N2O, the transfer velocities of the emission process were smaller than those determined for the deposition process. In case of H2 and CH4, emission was even not calculable although, based on the observed gradient, the laminar film model predicted significant fluxes at the air-sea interface. The results are interpreted by destruction processes active within the surface microlayer. 相似文献
95.
Emissions of N2O, CH4, and CO2 from soils at two sites in the tropical savanna of central Venezuela were determined during the dry season in February 1987. Measured arithmetic mean fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 from undisturbed soil plots to the atmosphere were 2.5×109, 4.3×1010, and 3.0×1013 molecules cm-2 s-1, respectively. These fluxes were not significantly affected by burning the grass layer. Emissions of N2O increased fourfold after simulated rainfall, suggesting that production of N2O in savanna soils during the rainy season may be an important source for atmospheric N2O. The CH4 flux measurements indicate that these savanna soils were not a sink, but a small source, for atmospheric methane. Fluxes of CO2 from savanna soils increased ninefold two hours after simulated rainfall, and remained three times higher than normal after 16 hours. More research is needed to clarify the significance of savannas in the global cycles of N2O, CH4, CO2, and other trace gases, especially during the rainy season. 相似文献
96.
97.
Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO
4
2–
: 84.2, NO
3
–
: 28.1, Cl–: 86.3, NH
4
+
: 45.5, Ca2+: 63.3, Mg2+: 27.0, K+: 3.4, Na+: 69.0 µ eq l–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO
4
2–
/NO
3
–
exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl– and Na+, ex-SO
4
2+
and ex-Ca2+, NO
3
–
and ex-Ca2+, and NH
4
+
and ex-SO
4
2–
, respectively. However, no correlation between Cl– and Na+ with Ca2+ was observed. The relationship of H+ with (ex-SO
4
2–
+ NO
3
–
) - (ex-Ca2+ + NH
4
+
) indicated positive correlation. 相似文献
98.
矿山地理信息系统中的空间和时间四维数据模型 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
现有的许多地理信息系统(GISs)一般都没有考虑时间这一维数据。本文依据矿山的特点和需求,提出了能满足空间和时间要求的GIS的概念。针对传统数据模型所存在的缺点,以及根据处理历史数据所具有的特点,提出了一种用于矿业开发的空间和时间综合四维数据模型。这种模型通过采用四维空间线性编码技术,可大大减少数据存贮所需的辅助操作。为了适应综合四维数据处理的需要,笔者研究出了一种新的拓扑结构——四维空间和时间因素的拓扑关系。 相似文献
99.
A series of novel long-chain 3,4-dialkylthiophenes (C36–C54) was identified in a number of sediments ranging from Pleistocene to Cretaceous. The identifications were based on mass spectral characterisation, desulphurisation and mass spectral data of synthesised model compounds. These organic sulphur compounds are probably formed by sulphur incorporation into mid-chain dimethylalkadienes with two methylenic double bonds. These putative precursor lipids are unprecedented and may be considered rather unusual. The distribution of 3,4-dialkylthiophenes in sediments varies considerably with the depositional palaeoenvironment, indicating that these compounds have a potential as molecular markers reflecting changes in palaeoenvironment. 相似文献
100.
在碱性介质中,痕量Ag(Ⅰ)对新试剂6-(2-羟基-4-二乙基氨苯偶氮)-2,3-二氢-1,4-酞嗪二酮(简称HDEA)的电化学发光具有显著的催化作用。基于此,提出了HDEA-KCI-KOH体系测定矿样中痕量Ag的新方法。方法的检测限为2.0×10~(-8)mol/L Ag,线性范围为5.0×10~(-8)—3.0×10~(-6)mol/L Ag。采用巯基棉富集分离,应用本法测定一些矿样中的Ag,结果良好。 相似文献