REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE     

《The Professional geographer》1986,38(1):101-104

Geographic Software Reviewed in this article: THE DIFFUSION GAME . Christopher J. Lovelock and Charles B. Weinberg . MAPIT . Raymond J. Kalush , Jr . SIMODEL . Peter A. Williams and A. Stewart Fotheringham . WEATHER FRONTS . P. C. Moyer . WORLD DYNAMICS . Mark Lewis Baldwin  相似文献   

Intertidal macroalgae and macroinvertebrates: Seasonal and spatial abundance patterns along an estuarine gradient     

Morgan N. Hardwick-Witman  Arthur C. Mathieson 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,16(2):113-129

Quantitative sampling of the dominant intertidal epibiota was conducted seasonally along an estuarine gradient within the Great Bay Estuary System, New Hampshire, U.S.A. The abundance and zonation of the dominant macroorganisms varied with distance into the estuary. Replacement of marine by estuarine species occurred, and overall abundance and species richness decreased along the estuarine gradient. Zonation patterns within the inner estuary were primarily allied with substrata. Maximum abundance of invertebrates occurred in the mid-intertidal zone where a dense fucoid canopy provided habitat heterogeneity. Densities of epibiotic organisms decreased toward low water, especially in the inner estuary where hard substratum was limiting. Settlement blocks, introduced into the low intertidal zone, were dominated by barnacles and fucoid algae; after 16 months, the species composition on the settlement blocks resembled the adjacent community. Semibalanus balanoides settled in the spring, while Fucus vesiculosus var. spiralis exhibited low but constant settlement. Despite the physical rigors of the estuarine environment, only Semibalanus balanoides, Ilyanassa obsoleta and Spartina alterniflora showed significant seasonal changes in density. Thus, there are predictable and persistent epibiotic species assemblages within the intertidal zone of the Great Bay Estuary System.  相似文献   

Stochastic geometry in petroleum geology     

K. S. Deffeyes  B. D. Ripley  G. S. Watson 《Mathematical Geology》1982,14(5):419-432

Many aspects of the generation, migration, trapping, and discovery of petroleum, as well as its primary and enhanced recovery, depend upon geometry. The scale of the relevant geometric features varies all the way from that of continental margins and basins down to the pores and fissures in reservoir rocks. Because the spatial complexity is so great for each of these processes, it is reasonable to describe them statistically. The primary purpose of this paper is to survey possible ways in which statistical or stochastic geometry enters and might be used in petroleum geology and engineering. While it offers some new theory, this paper does not directly suggest any specific new methods for the estimation of hydrocarbon resources or reserves. This deficiency is mainly due to the current lack of relevant data. When data are available the point of view explained herein will be fruitful. The survey ties together many topics in a novel way.  相似文献   

Modelling and Mapping Damage to Forests from an Ice Storm Using Remote Sensing and Environmental Data     

D.?J.?KingEmail author  I.?Olthof  P.?K.?E.?Pellikka  E.?D.?Seed  C.?Butson 《Natural Hazards》2005,35(3):321-342

An extreme ice storm in January 1998 deposited up to 100 mm of ice and resulted in significant forest damage across eastern North America. Average crown loss of over 75% was recorded in large areas of eastern Ontario and southern Quebec. A primary question that arose following the storm was: can forest damage be effectively assessed using remote sensing and other available environmental data? This paper presents two contrasting studies to address this question. The first involves damage modelling at a local scale in an unmanaged forest using spectral and spatial information in high-resolution airborne imagery. Results of field data analyses are also given that show relations between damage and forest structure and composition as well as changes in forest structure that occurred in the years following the storm. The second study involves regional scale damage mapping in managed and unmanaged forests of eastern Ontario using medium resolution satellite imagery and other environmental data. In comparison of several image classification and data interpolation methods, the best damage map was produced using a neural network classifier and a mix of Landsat and environmental data. The methods and results presented in this paper form the basis for ongoing long-term temporal study of damage impacts on forest condition.  相似文献   

通用电子政务平台开发及其在“数字城市”中的应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

孙俊 《测绘科学》2005,30(1):22-24

本文系统地论述了目前电子政务和"数字城市"的建设要求,提出了开发通用电子政务平台来快速构建各类城市管理部门的电子政务应用系统,形成"数字城市"各专业应用的思路,并介绍经过多年开发和应用的通用电子政务平台NetOffice特点,最后以地房籍管理信息系统为例来阐述了电子政务平台在"数字城市"的重要组成部分———国土资源和房产管理的应用情况。  相似文献   

Internal Boundary Layers: I. Height Formulae for Neutral and Diabatic Flows     

Sergiy A. Savelyev  Peter A. Taylor 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(1):1-25

The notion of an internal boundary layer (IBL) appeared in studies of local advection within the atmospheric boundary layer when air flows over a change in surface conditions. These include surface roughness, thermal and moisture properties. An ability to predict the height of the IBL interface in the atmosphere under neutral stability, accompanied by certain assumptions on the form of the mean flow parameters, have been a means of obtaining information on the velocity profile after step changes in roughness for more than half a century. A compendium of IBL formulae is presented. The approach based on the diffusion analogy of Miyake receives close attention. The empirical expression of Savelyev and Taylor (2001, Boundary Layer Meteorol. 101, 293–301) suggested that turbulent diffusion is not the only factor that influences IBL growth. An argument is offered that an additional element, mean vertical velocity or streamline displacement, should be taken into account. Vertical velocity is parameterized in terms of horizontal velocity differences employing continuity constraints and scaling. Published data are analyzed from a new point of view, which produces two new neutral stratification formulae. The first implies that the roughness lengths of adjacent surfaces are equally important and a combined length scale can be constructed. In addition new formulae to predict the height of the region of diabatic flow affected by a step change in surface conditions are obtained as an extension of the neutral flow case.  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial rupture process of the great Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake of November 14, 2001 from the GDSN long period waveform data   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

XU Lisheng & CHEN Yuntai Institute of Geophysics  China Seismological Bureau  Beijing  China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(1):112-122

The temporal and spatial rupture process of the 14 November 2001 Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake (KMPE) is obtained by inverting the high signal-to-noise-ratio P-waveform data of vertical components of 20 stations with epicentral distances less than 90°, which are of Global Digital Seismogragh Network (GDSN). The inverted results indicate that the KMPE consists of 3 sub-events. The rupture of the first sub-event initiated at the instrumental epicenter (35.97°N, 90.59°E) and then propagated both westwards and eastwards, extending 140 km westwards at the speed of 4.0 km/s and 80 km eastwards at the speed of 2.2 km/s, which appeared to be an asymmetrical bilateral rupture dominantly from east to west. This sub-event formed a 220-km-long fault. Fifty-two seconds after initiation of the first sub-event, at which time the first sub-event was not over but in its healing phase, the rupture of the second sub-event initiated 220 km west of the epicenter and propagated both westwards and eastwards, extending 50  相似文献   

Spatial heterogeneity of the driving forces of cropland change in China   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  

LIU Xuhua    WANG Jinfeng  LIU Mingliang  & MENG Bin    . Institute of Geographic Sciences  Natural Resources Research  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  . Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing  China  . College of Arts  Sciences of Beijing Union University  Beijing  China  . School of Forestry  Wildlife Sciences  Auburn University  Auburn  Alabama  AL  USA 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(12):2231-2240

Along with the increasing problems of rapid popu-lation increase, resources scarcity and environment deterioration, the interaction between human devel-opment and natural environment changes, especially the Land-Use/Land-Cover, LUCC issue is becoming a frontier and hot field[1], in which investigation on the mechanisms of land use change is one of the three core issues. Deficient natural resources, in particular the shortage of cropland resource in China, are the important constraints to Ch…  相似文献   

    

I. C. Lemmer 《Mathematical Geology》1986,18(7):589-604

For any distribution of grades, a particular cutoff grade is shown here to exist at which the indicator covariance is proportional to the grade covariance to a very high degree of accuracy. The name mononodal cutoff is chosen to denote this grade. Its importance for robust grade variography in the presence of a large coefficient of variation—typical of precious metals—derives from the fact that the mononodal indicator variogram is then linearly related to the grade variogram yet is immune to outlier data and is found to be particularly robust under data information reduction. Thus, it is an excellent substitute to model in lieu of a difficult grade variogram. A theoretical expression for the indicator covariance is given as a double series of orthogonal polynomials that have the grade density function as weight function. Leading terms of this series suggest that indicator and grade covariances are first-order proportional, with cutoff grade dependence being carried by the proportionality factor. Kriging equations associated with this indicator covariance lead to cutoff-free kriging weights that are identical to grade kriging weights. This circumstance simplifies indicator kriging used to estimate local point-grade histograms, while at the same time obviating order relations problems.This paper is based in part on a PhD thesis submitted to the Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, in 1984 (unpublished).  相似文献   

长江口深水航道30年空间特征变化研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

李洪灵  张鹰 《地理与地理信息科学》2005,21(6):66-68

根据1973-2003年6幅长江口海图资料,建立不同时期长江口深水航道水下数字高程模型, 对航道治理前后30 a的冲淤状况、纵剖面水深变化以及空间模拟等进行研究. 结果表明,30 a来深水航道冲淤交替出现,总变化趋势是冲刷.航道冲淤除与 水动力条件有关外,与治理工程也有密切联系.长江口深水航道治理一期工程结束后,水深明显加深,坡度比变大,主航道呈现平顺的“U”形河道景观.  相似文献