光速不变原理推广（Ⅱ）──论弯曲时空中光速不变     

王仁川 《天文学报》1995,(3)

根据等效原理及理论自洽的要求，把光速不变原理推广到弯曲时空。并在此基础上阐明了坐标、坐标变换，物理量的描述与测量等最基本问题的物理意义。  相似文献   

A projective approach to orbit determination from three sight-lines     

A. J. Sarnecki 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1996,66(4):425-451

Concepts from projective geometry are used to provide a coherent framework for the determination of orbits from observation data comprising lines of sight at three known times. A novel way of presenting the results in a finite diagram is introduced, The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated by an example, using a simple spreadsheet. A computer-graphic implementation is recommended.  相似文献   

Indicator Kriging without Order Relation Violations   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Raimon Tolosana-Delgado  Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn  Juan-Jose Egozcue 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(3):327-347

Indicator kriging (IK) is a spatial interpolation technique aimed at estimating the conditional cumulative distribution function (ccdf) of a variable at an unsampled location. Obtained results form a discrete approximation to this ccdf, and its corresponding discrete probability density function (cpdf) should be a vector, where each component gives the probability of an occurrence of a class. Therefore, this vector must have positive components summing up to one, like in a composition in the simplex. This suggests a simplicial approach to IK, based on the algebraic-geometric structure of this sample space: simplicial IK actually works with log-odds. Interpolated log-odds can afterwards be easily re-expressed as the desired cpdf or ccdf. An alternative but equivalent approach may also be based on log-likelihoods. Both versions of the method avoid by construction all conventional IK standard drawbacks: estimates are always within the (0,1) interval and present no order-relation problems (either with kriging or co-kriging). Even the modeling of indicator structural functions is clarified.  相似文献   

空间管治视角下京津冀协同发展类型区划   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

黄金川  林浩曦  漆潇潇 《地理科学进展》2017,36(1):46-57

京津冀协同发展的核心是基于问题导向和底线思维,打破行政区划,在更大区域尺度上优化资源配置,实现区域整体发展目标。因此,从优化空间规划体系的高度,开展京津冀区域协同发展的类型区划和类型区管理,实现分区施策的精细化管治极为重要。本文首先立足于京津冀区域发展差异,利用空间属性双聚类的方法将京津冀划分为中部核心功能引领区、东部沿海重点发展区、南部门户功能拓展区、西部和北部生态涵养保护区等四大区域;然后以区县为最小分析单元,从现状开发强度、用地增量预测和生态保护责任等三大维度构建类型划分指标体系,并利用三维空间坐标划分方法将京津冀划分为五大类型区,即：城镇优化发展区、城镇重点拓展区、现代农业发展区、适度建设发展区和严格生态保护区;最后,在空间管治视角下提出京津冀区域分区管治与区域协同管理的建议。  相似文献   

On the problem of boundary conditions in isentropic coordinates     

H. C. Upadhyaya  R. Sadourny 《Journal of Earth System Science》1992,101(1):35-46

The main advantages of constant potential enthalpy as a vertical coordinate are weaker horizontal velocity gradients in frontal regions and a higher vertical resolution. A disadvantage is the intersection of isentropes with the ground and folding of these surfaces. A numerical model is proposed to overcome the difficulties imposed by the intersection of isentropes with the ground. The model contains a physical and computational domain. The top and bottom surfaces of the computational domain are isentropes whereas the physical domain of the flow confined above by a free surface of constant pressure, and the bottom of this domain is the surface of the earth. In the present study the top surfaces of these two domains coincide (θ _T, P_Tare constants in space and time). The model was tested for the study of frontogenesis and cyclogenesis and integrated for 7 days. The results correspond to enstrophy-conserving finite difference scheme.  相似文献   

Theory of anisotropic dynamic ray tracing in ray-centred coordinates     

P. M. Bakker 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,148(3-4):583-589

A 4×4-propagator matrix formalism is presented for anisotropic dynamic ray tracing, including the propagation across curved interfaces. The computations are organised in the same way as in ervený's well-known isotropic propagator matrix formalism. Attention is paid to cases where double eigenvalues of the Christoffel matrix result in unstable expressions in the dynamic ray tracing system, but where geometrical spreading is well-behaved.  相似文献   

Inertial Instability of Arbitrarily Meandering Currents Governed by the Eccentrically Cyclogeostrophic Equation     

Hideo Kawai 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(2):163-172

Using natural coordinates, we have derived a criterion for the inertial instability of arbitrarily meandering currents. Such currents, governed by the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic equation, are adopted as the basic current field for the parcel method. We assume that any virtual displacement which is given to a water parcel moving in the basic field has no influence on this field. From the conservation of mechanical energy for a virtual displacement we derive an inertial instability frequency ω _m = [(f + 2u/r)Z]^0.5 for the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current, where f is the Coriolis parameter, u the velocity (always positive), r the radius of curvature of a streamline (negative for an anticyclonic meander), and Z the vertical component of absolute vorticity. If ω _m ² is negative, the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current becomes unstable. Although the conventional, centrifugal instability criterion, derived from the conservation of angular momentum in a circularly symmetric current field, has a certain meaning for a monopolar vortex, it contains a radial shear vorticity that is difficult to use in arbitrarily meandering currents. The new criterion ω _m ² contains a lateral shear vorticity that is applicable to arbitrarily meandering currents. Examining instabilities of concentric rings with radii of 50–100 km, we consider reasons why the anticyclonic supersolid rotation has been very much less frequently observed than the cyclonic supersolid rotation, despite a prediction of some common stability and a rapid change in radial velocity gradient for the former. Classifying eccentric streamlines into the large and small curvature-gradient types, we point out that the large-gradient curvature in anticyclonic rings is apt to be unstable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

A generalized coordinate ocean model and a comparison of the bottom boundary layer dynamics in terrain-following and in z-level grids     

Tal Ezer  George L. Mellor 《Ocean Modelling》2004,6(3-4):379-403

Sensitivity studies with a new generalized coordinate ocean model are performed in order to compare the behavior of bottom boundary layers (BBLs) when terrain-following (sigma or combined sigma and z-level) or z-level vertical grids are used, but most other numerical aspects remain unchanged. The model uses a second-order turbulence closure scheme that provides surface and BBL mixing and results in a quite realistic climatology and deep water masses after 100 year simulations with a coarse resolution (1° × 1°) basin-scale terrain-following grid. However, with the same turbulence scheme but using a z-level grid, the model was unable to produce dense water masses in the deep ocean. The latter is a known problem for coarse resolution z-level models, unless they include highly empirical BBL schemes.A set of dense water overflow experiments with high-resolution grids (10 and 2.5 km) are used to investigate the influence of model parameters such as horizontal diffusivity, vertical mixing, horizontal resolution, and vertical resolution on the simulation of bottom layers for the different coordinate systems. Increasing horizontal diffusivity causes a thinner BBL and a bottom plume that extends further downslope in a sigma grid, but causes a thicker BBL and limited downslope plume extension in a z-level grid. A major difference in the behavior of the BBL in the two grids is due to the larger vertical mixing generated by the turbulence scheme over the step-like topography in the z-level grid, compared to a smaller vertical mixing and a more stably stratified BBL in the sigma grid. Therefore, the dense plume is able to maintain its water mass better and penetrates farther downslope in the sigma grid than in the z-level grid. Increasing horizontal and vertical resolution in the z-level grid converges the results toward those obtained by a much coarser resolution sigma coordinate grid, but some differences remain due to the basic differences in the mixing process in the BBL.  相似文献   

Dispersion and stability analyses of the linearized two-dimensional shallow water equations in Cartesian coordinates     

S. Sankaranarayanan  Malcolm L. Spaulding   《Ocean Engineering》2003,30(18):2343-2362

In the present study, a Fourier analysis is used to develop expressions for phase and group speeds for both continuous and discretized, linearized two-dimensional shallow water equations, in Cartesian coordinates. The phase and group speeds of the discrete equations, discretized using a three-point scheme of second order, five-point scheme of fourth order and a three-point compact scheme of fourth order in an Arakawa C grid, are calculated and compared with the corresponding values obtained for the continuous system. The three-point second-order scheme is found to be non-dispersive with grid resolutions greater than 30 grids per wavelength, while both the fourth-order schemes are non-dispersive with grid resolutions greater than six grids per wavelength. A von Neumann stability analysis of the two- and three-time-level temporal schemes showed that both schemes are stable. A wave deformation analysis of the two-time-level Crank–Nicolson scheme for one-dimensional and two-dimensional systems of shallow water equations shows that the scheme is non- dispersive, independent of the Courant number and grid resolution used. The phase error or the dispersion of the scheme decreases with a decrease in the time step or an increase in grid resolution.  相似文献   

一般曲线坐标系下波浪传播的数值模拟   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文

张洪生  丁平兴  赵海虹 《海洋学报》2003,25(1):110-119

在曲线坐标系下,建立了缓变水深水域波浪传播的数值模拟模型.模型适宜于复杂变化的边界形状,克服了各种代数坐标变换的局限性.在建立模型时,将原始的椭圆型缓坡方程的近似型式——依赖时间变化的抛物型方程,作为控制方程,既克服了一般抛物近似方法的缺点,又便利了方程的求解;从开边界条件、不同反射特性的固壁边界条件相统一的表达式出发,对边界条件进行处理;用ADI法数值求解控制方程.对模型的验证表明,数值解与物模实验值吻合良好,模型对于具有复杂边界的工程实际有较强的适应性.  相似文献