河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策     

何雨江  刘肖  邢林啸  谭现锋  卜宪标 《地学前缘》2022,29(4):430-437

我国的地热发电以及部分供暖工程出现了比较严重的结垢现象,阻碍了地热能的大规模开发利用,目前地热市场急需成熟的防垢理论和工艺。地热工程的结垢现象尤以碳酸钙结垢最为普遍,为解决碳酸钙结垢问题,本文以华北保定岩溶地热井结垢为研究对象,通过理论和实验相结合的手段研究分析了垢质成分,成垢机理,结垢位置和过程以及防垢措施。研究结果表明:(1)系统降压造成的闪蒸是碳酸钙结垢的主因,液相二氧化碳逸出到气相是碳酸钙结垢的主要驱动力;(2)根据井口参数,结合质量、动量和能量守恒以及两相流压降理论,可以模拟结垢过程,确定结垢位置以及不同深度处的压力、温度、干度和二氧化碳分压等参数;(3)闪蒸造成的碳酸钙结垢,确定了闪蒸位置和闪蒸压力后,可以通过加压和加注阻垢剂的方式进行阻垢。通过模拟计算,确定了加压防垢系统所需的最低压力,通过控制系统压力可防止闪蒸,抑制二氧化碳逸出造成的结垢。设计了阻垢工艺,研制了阻垢剂加注设备,开展了井下化学阻垢实验并评价了阻垢效果,通过加注阻垢剂可有效阻止90%以上的垢生成,论证了通过加注化学阻垢剂可以有效解决碳酸钙结垢。通过上述研究,积累了从结垢原因分析,结垢位置确定,结垢过程模拟,防垢工艺和设备研发,防垢实践到阻垢效果现场评价一整套经验,可为其他地热井碳酸钙结垢问题的解决提供参考依据。  相似文献   

黄豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀多变量试验研究     

崔猛  符晓  郑俊杰  吕苏颖  熊辉辉  曾晨  韩尚宇 《岩土力学》2022,43(11):3027-3035

植物源脲酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀（enzyme induced carbonate precipitation,简称EICP）可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但在具体操作时,参数取值无对应规范,固化效果有待提升。基于黄豆脲酶,研究了温度、脲酶浓度、尿素浓度、钙浓度、pH值、钙源种类等变量对脲酶活性与碳酸钙沉淀的影响,并进行了沉淀物（碳酸钙晶体）的扫描式电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）与X射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,简称XRD）测试,在此基础上开展了黄豆脲酶固化砂的无侧限抗压强度与固化效果试验研究。结果表明：脲酶活性随脲酶浓度的增加而线性增长,但存在温度阈值,温度超过阈值后,脲酶将完全失活,且阈值随脲酶浓度的增大而降低;尿素浓度与pH值共同影响脲酶活性,二者存在一个最优组合,当尿素浓度在0.1～1.0 mol/L时最优pH值为7,当尿素浓度在1.0～1.5 mol/L时最优pH值为8。脲酶是沉淀反应的催化剂,脲酶浓度越高,反应越完全,碳酸钙沉淀率越高;尿素与钙溶液则主要通过掺入量影响碳酸钙沉淀量,掺量比例宜为1:1,且二者浓度与pH值可通过影响脲酶活性来影响碳酸钙的沉淀情况;不同钙源对碳酸钙沉淀量的影响幅度不大。不同钙源沉淀碳酸钙晶体的成分与密度基本相同,但晶体结构差异较大,氯化钙沉淀碳酸钙晶体以块状为主,表面分布球状、类球状晶体,胶结面大,可作为EICP技术中较为理想的钙源。基于黄豆脲酶和氯化钙钙源固化砂的无侧限抗压强度约为掺粉煤灰砂样的6倍,通过SEM图像可发现,沉淀碳酸钙晶体包裹并黏结砂粒成为整体,固化效果非常理想。  相似文献   

冻融循环作用下木质素磺酸钙改良黄土的力学特性研究     

黄雨灵  张吾渝  季港澳  解邦龙  董超凡 《冰川冻土》2022,44(6):1863-1874

木质素磺酸钙作为一种绿色环保的改良材料,近年来被应用于土体加固领域。为探究木质素磺酸钙对黄土的固化效果,通过开展侧限浸水压缩试验、冻融循环试验、不固结不排水三轴剪切试验、扫描电镜试验和X射线衍射试验,分析冻融循环次数、掺量和围压对木质素磺酸钙改良黄土力学性质和微观机理的影响规律。研究结果表明：掺入木质素磺酸钙,可有效消除黄土的湿陷性。此外,改良黄土的应力-应变曲线随木质素磺酸钙掺量的增加向一般硬化型转变,而随着冻融循环次数的增加,应力-应变曲线向弱硬化型转变。改良黄土的破坏强度随木质素磺酸钙掺量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,木质素磺酸钙掺量为1%时破坏强度最高,各掺量改良黄土随冻融循环次数的增加先减小后趋于稳定,同时抗剪强度指标呈现下降的趋势。通过扫描电镜试验和X射线衍射试验,发现改良黄土内部有胶结物生成并填充了土颗粒间的孔隙,使土体密实度提高,进而提高土体强度;而冻融作用导致土颗粒的接触方式由面-面接触向点-点、点-面接触过渡。此外,木质素磺酸钙改良黄土中未发现有新的矿物成分生成,且冻融作用未造成土体矿物成分的消解。  相似文献   

载炭泡塑吸附-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定金矿石的金量   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈景伟  李玉明  宋双喜  宋江涛  初琳 《岩矿测试》2015,34(3):314-318

载炭泡塑吸附法对金有良好的吸附性能,但只能用于抽滤吸附不能振荡吸附,分析手续繁杂。本文以载炭泡塑振荡吸附-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定金矿石的金量。样品在650℃高温灼烧2 h,用50%王水和10%氯化铁加热溶解,溶液冷却后加入5%高锰酸钾氧化,用中密度规格的载炭泡塑两次振荡吸附溶液中的金,然后于580℃高温灼烧后以50%王水溶解灰分,直接用ICP-OES测定金量。方法检出限(3σ)为0.002μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=11)小于3.7%。本方法对金的吸附率大于99.9%,测定范围为0.01~90μg/g,对不同类型金矿石的适应性强,解决了以往泡塑吸附法吸附率较低、标准系列与样品需同时预处理的问题,对低含量和高含量样品均有较高的准确度。  相似文献   

砂质碎屑储层钙质夹层形成机理及其主控因素分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

单敬福  赵忠军  李浮萍  程都  王博 《地质论评》2015,61(3):614-620

砂岩储层中局部钙的富集是影响储层物性的重要因素之一,因此揭示钙形成的主控因素及形成机理,对油田后期的高效开发无疑具有重要意义。在砂质碎屑岩中,钙的富集一般以"钙尖"的形式产出,有顶底钙形式、也有团块状等等。本文通过物理化学分析手段,剖析钙离子的来源,钙离子富集条件及钙质沉淀机理及其主控因素。研究结果表明,钙离子主要在同生、表生与深埋成岩作用期析出,各类酸性水是其催化条件。在同生与表生作用期,在湖(海)平面下降,河道变迁等条件下,通过蒸发作用,化学反应平衡左移,形成含钙化合物沉淀。利用苏里格气田东区目的层丰富的地下水地球化学组成分析资料,经综分析表明,目的层钙质夹层形成地质条件复杂,为深埋成岩、同生与表生混合作用下的产物,其中深埋成岩作是其主要形成时期,而其余少量钙质夹层则是在同生或表生期形成,并进一步明确了深埋成岩作用是苏里格气田东区钙质夹层富集的主控因素。  相似文献   

使用纳米碳酸钙降低低孔低渗煤层气储层伤害          下载免费PDF全文

谷穗  蔡记华  常德武  维克多·费多罗维奇·契霍特金 《地球科学》2015,40(6):1093-1100

传统暂堵剂难以封堵低孔低渗煤层气储层中的大量纳米级别孔隙.通过煤岩显微观测、钻井液基本性能测试、泥饼清除实验、煤岩孔隙分布实验和气体渗透率实验,探讨了纳米碳酸钙降低低孔低渗煤层气储层伤害的效果.结果表明:纳米碳酸钙材料只有在水溶液中保持纳米级的分散状态,才可能对低渗煤岩起到暂堵作用;基于纳米碳酸钙的可降解钻井液既能封堵低孔低渗煤岩中微米级别孔隙,也能封堵其中的纳米级别孔隙;经过生物酶和稀盐酸双重解堵后,煤岩渗透率恢复值达77.17%~97.98%,储层保护效果好;煤岩孔隙分布实验可以在纳米尺度上研究纳米材料对低孔低渗储层的暂堵效果.研究成果可为纳米碳酸钙在低孔低渗煤层和页岩钻完井过程中的应用奠定良好技术基础.   相似文献   

脑动脉粥样硬化斑块中钙化物矿物学特征研究     

李源  王长秋  孟繁露  李艳  鲁安怀  杨重庆  于启  李康 《岩石矿物学杂志》2015,34(6):963-970

脑动脉钙化与脑动脉系统病变有密切联系。本文从矿物学角度出发,使用偏光显微镜(POM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、显微红外光谱(micro-FTIR)、同步辐射微区X射线衍射(μ-SRXRD)以及同步辐射微区X射线荧光光谱(μ-SRXRF)对脑动脉粥样硬化斑块中的钙化样品进行了研究。结果表明,钙化主要有球状和块状两种集合体形态,球状钙化具有同心环状或同心放射状构造,直径约0.3~5μm;块状钙化中可见球状钙化被杂乱分布的柱状纳米晶体包裹。钙化主要矿物相为B型碳羟磷灰石(B-CHA),并含Na、Mg、Zn、Fe和Sr等元素,与主动脉钙化中的矿物组成类似。钙化在其形成初期呈分散的小球状,后期大量球体逐渐被CHA纳米晶体充填胶结形成了致密的块状钙化。  相似文献   

原子吸收分光光度法快速测定铬铁矿中钙、镁、锰   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

熊艳 《安徽地质》2006,16(4):270-272

通过在标液中加入相应的Sr来消除离子干扰,采用原子吸收分光光度法快速测定CaO、MgO、MnO的含量,方法经国家标准物质验证,其RSD<2%(n=6)。其结果与标准值相符。方法达到了准确、简便、快速、实用性强。  相似文献   

Prediction of the calcium carbonate budget in a sedimentary basin: A “source-to-sink” approach applied to Great Salt Lake,Utah, USA     

Anthony Bouton  Emmanuelle Vennin  Philippe Amiotte-Suchet  Christophe Thomazo  Jean-Pierre Sizun  Aurélien Virgone  Eric C. Gaucher  Pieter T. Visscher 《Basin Research》2020,32(5):1005-1034

Most source-to-sink studies typically focus on the dynamics of clastic sediments and consider erosion, transport and deposition of sediment particles as the sole contributors. Although often neglected, dissolved solids produced by weathering processes contribute significantly in the sedimentary dynamics of basins, supporting chemical and/or biological precipitation. Calcium ions are usually a major dissolved constituent of water drained through the watershed and may facilitate the precipitation of calcium carbonate when supersaturating conditions are reached. The high mobility of Ca²⁺ ions may cause outflow from an open system and consequently loss. In contrast, in closed basins, all dissolved (i.e. non-volatile) inputs converge at the lowest point of the basin. The endoreic Great Salt Lake basin constitutes an excellent natural laboratory to study the dynamics of calcium on a basin scale, from the erosion and transport through the watershed to the sink, including sedimentation in lake's waterbody. The current investigation focused on the Holocene epoch. Despite successive lake level fluctuations (amplitude around 10 m), the average water level seems to have not been affected by any significant long-term change (i.e. no increasing or decreasing trend, but fairly stable across the Holocene). Weathering of calcium-rich minerals in the watershed mobilizes Ca²⁺ ions that are transported by surface streams and subsurface flow to the Great Salt Lake (GSL). Monitoring data of these flows was corrected for recent anthropogenic activity (river management) and combined with direct precipitation (i.e. rain and snow) and atmospheric dust income into the lake, allowing estimating the amount of calcium delivered to the GSL. These values were then extrapolated through the Holocene period and compared to the estimated amount of calcium stored in GSL water column, porewater and sediments (using hydrochemical, mapping, coring and petrophysical estimates). The similar estimate of calcium delivered (4.88 Gt) and calcium stored (3.94 Gt) is consistent with the premise of the source-to-sink approach: a mass balance between eroded and transported compounds and the sinks. The amount of calcium deposited in the basin can therefore be predicted indirectly from the different inputs, which can be assessed with more confidence. When monitoring is unavailable (e.g. in the fossil record), the geodynamic context, the average lithology of the watershed and the bioclimatic classification of an endoreic basin are alternative properties that may be used to estimate the inputs. We show that this approach is sufficiently accurate to predict the amount of calcium captured in a basin and can be extended to the whole fossil record and inform on the storage of calcium.  相似文献   

Travel times for snowmelt-dominated headwater catchments: Influences of wetlands and forest harvesting,and linkages to stream water quality     

Jason A. Leach  James M. Buttle  Kara L. Webster  Paul W. Hazlett  Dean S. Jeffries 《水文研究》2020,34(10):2154-2175

The time it takes water to travel through a catchment, from when it enters as rain and snow to when it leaves as streamflow, may influence stream water quality and catchment sensitivity to environmental change. Most studies that estimate travel times do so for only a few, often rain-dominated, catchments in a region and use relatively short data records (<10 years). A better understanding of how catchment travel times vary across a landscape may help diagnose inter-catchment differences in water quality and response to environmental change. We used comprehensive and long-term observations from the Turkey Lakes Watershed Study in central Ontario to estimate water travel times for 12 snowmelt-dominated headwater catchments, three of which were impacted by forest harvesting. Chloride, a commonly used water tracer, was measured in streams, rain, snowfall and as dry atmospheric deposition over a 31 year period. These data were used with a lumped convolution integral approach to estimate mean water travel times. We explored relationships between travel times and catchment characteristics such as catchment area, slope angle, flowpath length, runoff ratio and wetland coverage, as well as the impact of harvesting. Travel time estimates were then used to compare differences in stream water quality between catchments. Our results show that mean travel times can be variable for small geographic areas and are related to catchment characteristics, in particular flowpath length and wetland cover. In addition, forest harvesting appeared to decrease mean travel times. Estimated mean travel times had complex relationships with water quality patterns. Results suggest that biogeochemical processes, particularly those present in wetlands, may have a greater influence on water quality than catchment travel times.  相似文献