A GCSS Boundary-Layer Cloud Model Intercomparison Study Of The First Astex Lagrangian Experiment     

Christopher S. Bretherton  Steven K. Krueger  Matthew C. Wyant  Peter Bechtold  Erik Van Meijgaard  Bjorn Stevens  Joao Teixeira 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,93(3):341-380

Three single-column models (all with an explicit liquid water budget and compara-tively high vertical resolution) and three two-dimensional eddy-resolving models (including one with bin-resolved microphysics) are compared with observations from the first ASTEX Lagrangian experiment. This intercomparison was a part of the second GCSS boundary-layer cloud modelling workshop in August 1995.In the air column tracked during the first ASTEX Lagrangian experiment, a shallow subtropical drizzling stratocumulus-capped marine boundary layer deepens after two days into a cumulus capped boundary layer with patchy stratocumulus. The models are forced with time varying boundary conditions at the sea-surface and the capping inversion to simulate the changing environment of the air column.The models all predict the observed deepening and decoupling of the boundary layer quite well, with cumulus cloud evolution and thinning of the overlying stratocumulus. Thus these models all appear capable of predicting transitions between cloud and boundary-layer types with some skill. The models also produce realistic drizzle rates, but there are substantial quantitative differences in the cloud cover and liquid water path between models. The differences between the eddy-resolving model results are nearly as large as between the single column model results. The eddy resolving models give a more detailed picture of the boundary-layer evolution than the single-column models, but are still sensitive to the choice of microphysical and radiative parameterizations, sub-grid-scale turbulence models, and probably model resolution and dimensionality. One important example of the differences seen in these parameterizations is the absorption of solar radiation in a specified cloud layer, which varied by a factor of four between the model radiation parameterizations.  相似文献   

二根耦合振动弦的边界反馈稳定化问题(Ⅱ)     

张敏先 《成都信息工程学院学报》1989,(2)

本文继续讨论二根耦合振动弦的边界反馈的数学模理;讨论了算子A的耗散性、予解式、半群e~(tA)及其指数稳定性。  相似文献   

Observations of the electric fields that accelerate auroral particles     

M. Temerin  F. S. Mozer 《Journal of Earth System Science》1984,93(3):227-245

Electric fields accelerate electrons and ions in the auroral zone at altitudes below 8000 km to produce several distinctive particle distributions. The electric field of electrostatic shocks and double layers produces the inverted-V precipitating electron and up-flowing ion beams. Electrostatic ion cyclotron waves heat ion beams. The electric field in low frequency plasma waves and electrostatic shocks produces ion conics and field-aligned or counterstreaming electrons. Relationships between electric fields and particle distributions are illustrated with data from the S3-3 satellite.  相似文献   

地震模拟振动台参数灵敏度分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

韩俊伟  胡宝生 《地震工程与工程振动》1997,17(3):110-116

以地震模拟振动台（以下简称振动台）线性模型为基础，应用一阶灵敏度模型分析了振动台三状态反馈控制参数的灵敏度函数及其对系统动态特性的影响，用仿真的方法分析了三状态反馈参数的变化对系统输出特性的影响程度。  相似文献   

Improved control algorithm for real‐time substructure testing     

A. P. Darby  A. Blakeborough  M. S. Williams 《地震工程与结构动力学》2001,30(3):431-448

Real‐time substructure testing is a novel method of testing structures under dynamic loading. The complete structure is separated into two substructures, one of which is tested physically at large scale and in real time, so that time‐dependent non‐linear behaviour of the substructure is realistically represented. The second substructure represents the surrounding structure, which is modelled numerically. In the current formulation this numerical substructure is assumed to remain linear. The two substructures interact in real‐time so that the response of the complete structure, incorporating the non‐linear behaviour of the physical substructure, is accurately represented. This paper presents several improvements to the linear numerical modelling of substructures for use in explicit time‐stepping routines for real‐time substructure testing. An extrapolation of a first‐order‐hold discretization is used which increases the accuracy of the numerical model over more direct explicit methods. Additionally, an integral form of the equation of motion is used in order to reduce the effects of noise and to take into account variations of the input over a time‐step. In order to take advantage of this integral form, interpolation of the model output is performed in order to smooth the output. The improvements are demonstrated using a series of substructure tests on a simple portal frame. While the testing approach is suitable for cases in which the physical substructure behaves non‐linearly, the results presented here are for fully linear systems. This enables comparisons to be made with analytical solutions, as well as with the results of tests based on the central difference method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Placement of sensors/actuators on civil structures using genetic algorithms     

Makola M. Abdullah  Andy Richardson  Jameel Hanif 《地震工程与结构动力学》2001,30(8):1167-1184

The optimal design and placement of controllers at discrete locations is an important problem that will have impact on the control of civil engineering structures. Though algorithms exist for the placement of sensor/actuator systems on continuous structures, the placement of controllers on discrete civil structures is a very difficult problem. Because of the nature of civil structures, it is not possible to place sensors and actuators at any location in the structure. This usually creates a non‐linear constrained mixed integer problem that can be very difficult to solve. Using genetic algorithms in conjunction with gradient‐based optimization techniques will allow for the simultaneous placement and design of an effective structural control system. The introduction of algorithms based on genetic search procedures should increase the rate of convergence and thus reduce the computational time for solving the difficult control problem. The newly proposed method of simultaneously placing sensors/actuators will be compared to a commonly used method of sensors/actuators placement where sensors/actuators are placed sequentially. The savings in terms of energy requirements and cost will be discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

包含详细水分循环和海冰物理过程的一维。气候模式与气候系统内反馈机制的研究     

朱永春  黄土松 《大气科学》1996,(6)

紧于水分循环和海冰物理过程是气候变化研究中两个比较薄弱的环节，而在以往的一些气候模式中往往简化甚至忽略了其中之一，给气候变化的研究带来了一定的不确定性。因此，我们设计了包含详细水分循环和海冰物理过程的一维气候模式，着重研究了存在，气候系统内部的反馈机制，得到以下几点结论：（１）无论在地表还是在大气中，水汽反馈和冰雪反照率反馈均为很强的正反馈，前者比后者要强一些，冰雪反照率反馈在极区比其它地区强一些。（２）降水过程无论在地表还是在大气中均表现为负反馈。（３）在大气中，蒸发过程表现为很强的正反馈；在地表，蒸发过程在中低纬度表现为很强的负反馈，而在高纬度却表现为正反馈。（４）大气中的潜热输送无论在大气中还是在地表均表现为正反馈，共正反馈效应通过放大水汽的温室效应体现出来。（５）大气中的感热输送无论在大气中还是在地表均表现为较弱的负反馈，其负反馈作用通过抑制冰雪反照率反馈而表现出来。（６）不同反馈之间的合成不是两者简单地线性相加，而是以一种北线性方式相互作用。  相似文献   

Evolutions of flow field and heat exchange on equatorial Pacific surface in El Nino-La Nina cycle     

Ma Kaiyu  Yao Huadong  Lin Zhenshen  Chao Junwu 《海洋学报(英文版)》1997,16(2):157-170

Abstract-In this paper, the monthly averages and deviations of temperature, pressure, tonal wind, specific humidity, cloud rover and the components of heat budget have been remputed on the equatorial (5°S-3°N) Pacific surface (EPS) based on the 2^*×2^* grid data of CORDS from 1950 to 1987 and the evolutions of tt0ese elements have been provided. Two feedback mechanisms of El Nino-La Nina cycle which include the dynamic, thermal and hydrological processes in the coupled air-sea system are verified. During El Nino, the pressure gradient and trade wind decreased on the EPS, the sensible and latent heat exchanges enlarged on the central-eastern EPS, the water vapor and cloud cover rose in the atmo sphere, the net longwave radiation and incident solar radiation decreased and the net gain (loss) of the heat reduced (increased) on the central and eastern EPS:During La Nina the circumstances were opposite  相似文献   

The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking     

Yan BangLiang 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(8):1266-1272

The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking is ex-amined by using a mixed-mode model. The results show that the positive feedback process of the ef-fects of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean on the Kelvin wave is the mechanism of the locking of the event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The memory of the Rossby waves for the sign-shifting of the sea surface temperature anomaly from positive to negative 6 months before the cold peak time is the other mechanism of the locking of the La Nia event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The results here are different from previous ones which suggest that the balance between cold and warm trends of sea surface temperature anomaly is the mechanism involved. The cold trend is caused by the upwelling Kelvin wave from upwelling Rossby wave reflected at the western boundary, excited by the westerly anomaly stress over the central Pacific and amplified by the seasonal variation of the coupled strength in its way propagating westward. The warm trend is caused by the Kelvin wave forced by the western wind stress over the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific. The cause of the differences is due to the opposite phase of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean to that in the observation and an improper parameterization scheme for the effects of the seasonal varia-tion of the upwelling mean on the ENSO cycle in previous studies.  相似文献   

边界层急流与北京局地强降水关系的数值研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

郑祚芳  张秀丽 《南京气象学院学报》2007,30(4):457-462

应用3 km分辨率的中尺度模式,成功模拟出了2005年8月3日凌晨北京地区一次局地强降水过程,在此基础上探讨了地形热力作用和局地强降水与边界层急流的关系,结果表明,局地强降水与边界层急流之间存在正反馈作用,降水过程通过改变局地大气温度场的分布,导致边界层气流加速和急流的形成。而边界层气流的加速又加强了急流前方的风速辐合,为降水提供更多的水汽和更有利的动力条件。  相似文献