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101.
Decreasing Reference Evapotranspiration in a Warming Climate—A Case of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Catchment During 1970–2000 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study deals with temporal trends in the Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration estimated from standard meteorological observations, observed pan evaporation, and four related meteorological variables during 1970–2000 in the Yangtze River catchment. Relative contributions of the four meteorological variables to changes in the reference evapotranspiration are quantified. The results show that both the reference evapotranspiration and the pan evaporation have significant decreasing trends in the upper, the middle as well as in the whole Changjiang (Yangtze) River catchment at the 5% significance level, while the air temperature shows a significant increasing trend. The decreasing trend detected in the reference evapotranspiration can be attributed to the significant decreasing trends in the net radiation and the wind speed. 相似文献
102.
本文叙述了顾及地球引力摄动的卫星化置计算方法;利用天球坐标系与地球坐标系之间的坐标变换关系,给出了由卫星位置计算卫星星下点位置的严密计算公式。 相似文献
103.
104.
Ilia Rodushkin Emma Engström Douglas C. Baxter 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(1):27-38
The analytical performance of a method for Os isotope ratio measurement by double‐focusing, sector field ICP‐MS (ICP‐SFMS) was evaluated. The method is based on several optimised, concurrent processes: Os extraction from samples in hot concentrated nitric acid; separation of Os from the digest solution by the formation of volatile osmium tetroxide accelerated by continuous hydrogen peroxide addition; transport of analyte vapour by an oxygen flow into the ICP; and isotopic determination by ICP‐SFMS. Due to the very efficient utilisation of analyte (approaching 0.5‰), Os isotope ratio measurement could be performed at low pg levels. Combined with an ability to process sample sizes up to 2 g (up to 50 g if the organic matrix of biological or botanical samples is eliminated by ashing), materials with Os concentrations in the low, or even sub pg g?1 range could be determined by this method. Given that two complete digestion/distillation systems were available for interchangeable use, throughputs of up to fifteen samples per 8 hour shift could be achieved. The method precision, evaluated as the long‐term reproducibility of 187 Os/188Os ratio measurements in a commercial Os reference sample containing 0.5 ng Os, was 0.16% relative standard deviation (RSD, 1s). The method has been applied to perform replicate 187 Os/188 Os ratio measurements on a suite of fifty reference materials of various origins and matrix compositions, with Os concentrations varying from < 0.1 pg g?1 to > 100 ng g?1, yielding an average precision of 3% RSD. Though none of the materials tested are certified for Os content or Os isotope composition, comparison of the obtained data with published Os isotope information for similar sample types revealed close agreement between the two. The method can also be used for the simultaneous, semi‐quantitative determination of Os concentrations. 相似文献
105.
Determination of Bromine and Iodine in Twenty-three Geochemical Reference Materials by ICP-MS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Trace amounts (from nanogram to microgram levels) of bromine and iodine were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in twenty-three geochemical reference materials issued by the GSJ, USGS, IAEA etc. The pyrohydrolysis technique was used to separate bromine and iodine from samples analysed in the form of powder. The accuracy and precision of the experimental values were assessed by the comparative analysis of well established reference materials such as USGS AGV-1, BCR-1 and IGGE GBW07312. The measured values agreed well with reported values within a 10% error range. We also report reliable new data for these elements in these geochemical reference materials. 相似文献
106.
Jean S. Kane Philip J. Potts Thomas Meisel Michael Wiedenbeck 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(3):285-288
The International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG) published a protocol for the certification of reference materials in close accord with the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) guidelines (Kane et al. 2003). This article supplements that protocol, providing additional discussion of best approaches for pre-selecting laboratories for participation in certification projects. This discussion also makes a distinction between inter-laboratory certifications, where n = 15 is the general standard, and expert laboratory certifications, where a much smaller number of laboratories will be deemed qualified to provide data of the quality needed for certification. 相似文献
107.
Aloísio J.B. Cotta Jacinta Enzweiler Stephen A. Wilson Carlos A. Pérez Antonio J.R. Nardy João H. Larizzatti 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(4):379-393
Reference materials (RM) are required for quantitative analyses and their successful use is associated with the degree of homogeneity, and the traceability and confidence limits of the values established by characterisation. During the production of a RM, the chemical characterisation can only commence after it has been demonstrated that the material has the required level of homogeneity. Here we describe the preparation of BRP-1, a proposed geochemical reference material, and the results of the tests to evaluate its degree of homogeneity between and within bottles. BRP-1 is the first of two geochemical RM being produced by Brazilian institutions in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG). Two test portions of twenty bottles of BRP-1 were analysed by wavelength dispersive-XRF spectrometry and major, minor and eighteen trace elements were determined. The results show that for most of the investigated elements, the units of BRP-1 were homogeneous at conditions approximately three times more rigorous than those strived for by the test of "sufficient homogeneity". Furthermore, the within bottle homogeneity of BRP-1 was evaluated using small beam (1 mm2 ) synchrotron radiation XRF spectrometry and, for comparison, the USGS reference materials BCR-2 and GSP-2 were also evaluated. From our data, it has been possible to assign representative minimum masses for some major constituents (1 mg) and for some trace elements (1-13 mg), except Zr in GSP-2, for which test portions of 74 mg are recommended. 相似文献
108.
针对多层轮廓线三维重构问题,研究了真三维复杂轮廓线的空间分布特征,通过引入参考基准面概念,提出了一种顾及局部平展特性的真三维TIN生成算法。该方法在递增生成表面过程中,利用了加权最小三角化方法,动态建立参考基准面,将三角面片自身形态和局部邻接轮廓点的相对空间关系有机地结合起来,避免了面片的遮掩重叠和自相交,使得重建表面和原始表面的拓扑差异最小。选取三维地震量测的多层反射波剖面数据进行了实验,并对不同算法得到的实验结果进行了分析比较,得出实验结论:本文算法快速可靠,重建出来的三维表面过渡光滑、自然,更接近实际的表面形态。该方法对于石油、地质勘探三维地质构造形态辅助解译具有现实的应用意义。 相似文献
109.
H. Fan 《Journal of Geodesy》1998,72(9):511-515
Historically, the mean Earth ellipsoid is obtained by fitting an ellipsoid of revolution to the geoid. Such an ellipsoid,
however, does not necessarily best fit the physical surface of the Earth due to the existence of topography outside the geoid.
In this paper, we present a purely geometrically defined Earth ellipsoid that best fits the physical surface of the Earth
so that the resulting ellipsoidal height attains minimum global mean square value. Using a global digital terrain model and
a global geopotential model, the size, shape and position of such an Earth ellipsoid have been numerically estimated.
Received: 6 September 1996 / Accepted: 1 April 1998 相似文献
110.
太平洋多金属结核及沉积物标准物质研制 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
太平洋多金属结核及深海沉积物标准物质,GSPN-2,3和GSMS-2,3,4个样品已研制完成。GSPN-2,3和GSMS-2采自太平洋CC区,GSMS-3采自中太平洋海盆(CP区)。原样被加工成-200目(74μm)的均匀粉未,其均匀性采用高精度的X射线荧光光谱法检测。样品的特性值采用国内外多实验室协同分析的方式定值,有包括台湾大学在内的14个国内实验室和18个国外实验室参加了合作分析。测试组分分别达79和81个,定值组分63个。全组分的百分总和分别为:99.7%,99.5%,99.8%和99.7%。这4个标准物质已于1997年被国家技术监督局批准为国家一级标准物质,序号分别为GBW07295,GBW07296,GBW07315和GBW0731。 相似文献