Convergent development of experimental landforms with differing rainfall and substrate properties     

Shunji Ouchi 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(5):1083-1095

Four runs of experimental landform development, with the same uplift rate, different rainfall intensity, and the same material of different permeability adjusted by the degree of compaction, showed complicated effects of rainfall and mound-forming material. In the run with more rainfall on less permeable material, low separated ridges developed in the uplifted area, because abundant overland flow promoted valley erosion and slope processes from early stages. In the run with less rainfall on less permeable material, valley incision proceeded mostly in major valleys where surface water converges. Canyons developed during early stages and later a high massive mountain emerged. The effect of rainfall difference, however, appeared completely opposite on more permeable material accompanied by lower shear strength. In the run with more rainfall on more permeable material, a massive mountain similar to that with less rainfall on less permeable material appeared, and low separated ridges appeared in the run with less rainfall on more permeable material as in the run with more rainfall on less permeable material. In the former case, similar amount of water available for Hortonian overland flow in early stages estimated from rainfall rate and permeability can explain the development of similar landforms. In the latter case, while abundant surface water with more rainfall on less permeable material made fluvial erosion active from early stages, the deficiency in surface water with less rainfall on more permeable material apparently attenuated fluvial erosion but possibly accentuated slope processes and slope failures by seepage water flow through more permeable material of low shear strength. The active erosion from early stages apparently resulted in the development of enduring similar low landforms later in the dynamic equilibrium stage. These experimental results indicate that similar landforms can emerge from different environmental and lithologic controls, and that process does not necessarily follow from form.  相似文献   

Comparison of the return period for landslide-triggering rainfall events in Japan based on standardization of the rainfall period     

Haruka Tsunetaka 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(14):2984-2998

The intensity of rainfall events with potential to cause landslides has varying temporal characteristics. In this study, the time at which the 72-h accumulated rainfall reached its maximum was used to standardize the period of rainfall measurement. The proposed standardization of the rainfall period was used in conjunction with the return level of rainfall intensity, obtained from intensity–duration–frequency curves, to investigate rainfall intensity anomalies associated with 10 hazardous rainfall events that triggered numerous landslides at the regional scale in Japan. These landslides included shallow landslides in volcanic and non-volcanic areas, as well as deep-seated landslides. The rainfall events that triggered the shallow landslides were divided into two types: downpours that repeatedly reached close to the 100-year return level within approximately 3–4 h, and accumulated rainfall that reached close to 200–400 mm over longer time intervals but within 72 h. Lithological differences seemed unrelated to the differences between the two types of shallow-landslide-triggering rainfall; however, precipitation >1000 mm was necessary to trigger deep-seated landslides. Although the characteristics of the hyetographs differed markedly among the landslide-triggering rainfall events, all the landslides could have been triggered when the mean rainfall intensity reached the 100-year rainfall level during the standardized period. Thus, the landslide trigger can be evaluated indirectly based on the increase in the return level of the mean rainfall intensity, which could provide a means for estimating the time of landslide occurrence.  相似文献   

改进的标准化累积绝对速度及其在高速铁路地震报警应用中阈值的确定     

崔恩文  郭恩栋  王倩  孙逊 《震灾防御技术》2021,16(3):527-532

为降低无破坏性的近震小震对高速铁路地震报警的干扰,本文引入改进的标准化累积绝对速度作为报警参数,研究基于改进的标准化累积绝对速度地震报警阈值计算方法。通过建立车轨模型,分析不同周期横向简谐波作用下的列车安全运行极限状态,得出不同车速下改进的标准化累积绝对速度的起算阈值。参照标准化累积绝对速度CAV_STD计算公式,给出不同车速下改进的标准化累积绝对速度计算公式,并计算不同时速下列车分别在6条不同场地地震波作用下改进的标准化累积绝对速度报警阈值。  相似文献   

剪切-体积应变耦合的孔压增量模型试验     

赵丁凤  梁珂  陈国兴  熊浩  周正龙 《岩土力学》2019,40(5):1832-1840

以南京细砂为对象,通过共振柱试验及应变控制的排水/不排水分级和单级加载循环三轴试验的系统性研究,建立了能够描述饱和砂土孔压增长规律的新模型。该模型遵循Martin和Byrne提出的基本理论框架,孔压的增长是由循环剪切作用下体积改变所引起的。提出的孔压模型属于应变控制的孔压增量模型。基于排水循环单级加载试验,通过引入体积门槛剪应变γ_(tv)的概念,以具有代表性的15周体应变(ξ_(vd))15为基准点,归准化体应变发展与循环剪应变之间的关系,建立了三参数的体应变增量模型及其参数标定方法。基于排水和不排水循环单级加载试验结果,揭示了体应变与孔压比之间的内在联系,进而导出回弹模量表达式。通过耦合新的体应变增量模型及回弹模量公式,建立了新的剪应变-体应变耦合的孔压增量模型。验证性试验表明,新的孔压增量模型的预测值与试验结果的吻合度较高。  相似文献   

Bed sediment entrainment by streamflow: State of the science     

Subhasish Dey  Sk Zeeshan Ali 《Sedimentology》2019,66(5):1449-1485

In fluvial sedimentology, bed sediment entrainment by streamflow has a decisive role in controlling several fluvial processes. Owing to its huge practical importance, the subject has been painstakingly explored for over a century. However, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of the bed sediment entrainment phenomenon achieved hitherto is far from complete. The central theme of bed sediment entrainment is occupied by the sediment entrainment threshold, which varies enormously in its qualitative definition, identification and quantification encompassing a broad range of spatiotemporal scales. This article presents the state of the science of the entrainment of non‐cohesive bed sediments under a steady‐unidirectional streamflow. It begins with the diverse definitions and representations of the entrainment threshold criterion from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives, scrutinising its suitability and ambit of applicability. Then, the effects of energetic factors that drive the entrainment threshold criterion are critically appraised. The indispensable mechanisms of bed sediment entrainment, including the theoretical background and modelling strategies, the role of turbulent bursting phenomenon and the phenomenological perspective into the origin of the scaling laws of sediment entrainment, are explained. Throughout the article, special emphasis is given to the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of the science. In addition, a deliberate attempt is made to invoke the thought‐provoking ideas on the multifarious features of bed sediment entrainment. Finally, the innovative perspectives on the bed sediment entrainment are provided and the concluding remarks are made, elucidating the major challenges and suggesting the prospective ways to resolve them as a future scope of research.  相似文献   

地下空间逾渗与裂缝属性的关系分析     

董少群  王涛  曾联波  刘凯  梁锋  尹启航  曹东升 《地学前缘》2019,26(3):140-146

裂缝连通性评价是地下空间研究的重要内容。逾渗分析是研究裂缝网络连通性的一种有效手段。裂缝网络逾渗临界值多使用裂缝间接表征参数(如分形维数)来确定,但存在裂缝网络连通性不同却有相同间接表征参数的情况,这降低了预测的可靠性。为避免此类问题并更加准确快速地表征裂缝网络的连通性,文章在构建逾渗临界值方程时,摒弃了间接参数简化的方式,使用裂缝直接表征参数(如裂缝数量、长度等)进行非线性拟合。通过二维数值模拟建立不同参数的离散裂缝网络模型,分析逾渗低、中、高概率临界条件与裂缝直接表征参数的关系,建立逾渗临界条件预测方程,并对方程在不同尺度研究区的应用进行了讨论和验证。结果表明：预测方程可有效地预测不同概率的逾渗临界值。同时文章在预测方程的基础上,建立了裂缝网络连通性评价标准,这对于裂缝发育地区的地下空间评价工作具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。  相似文献   

长江河口潮波传播机制及阈值效应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张先毅  黄竞争  杨昊  欧素英  刘锋  蔡华阳  杨清书 《海洋与湖沼》2019,50(4):788-798

河口潮波传播过程受沿程地形(如河宽辐聚、水深变化)及上游径流等诸多因素影响,时空变化复杂。径潮动力非线性相互作用研究有利于揭示河口潮波传播的动力学机制,对河口区水资源高效开发利用具有重要指导意义。本文基于2007—2009年长江河口沿程天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山、芜湖的逐日高、低潮位数据及大通站日均流量数据,统计分析不同河段潮波衰减率与余水位坡度随流量的变化特征,结果表明潮波衰减率绝对值与余水位坡度随流量增大并不是单调递增,而是存在一个阈值流量和区域,对应潮波衰减效应的极大值。为揭示这一阈值现象,采用一维水动力解析模型对研究河段的潮波传播过程进行模拟。结果表明,潮波传播的阈值现象主要是由于洪季上游回水作用随流量加强,余水位及水深增大,导致河口辐聚程度减小,而余水位坡度为适应河口形状变化亦有所减小,从而形成相对应的阈值流量和区域。  相似文献   

内点最大化与冗余点控制的无人机遥感图像配准     

余蕊  陈玮扬  杨扬  杨昆  罗毅 《遥感学报》2020,24(11):1325-1341

利用小型无人机进行遥感图像配准在自然灾害损害评估、环境监测和目标检测与追踪等领域发挥着至关重要的作用，但小型无人机的图像采集过程容易受风速/风向、复杂地形、电池容量、飞行姿态、飞行高度等自然或人为因素的影响。这些问题通常会导致捕捉到的场景重叠率低与图像非刚性畸变，在特征点提取过程中产生大量冗余点，增加了图像配准的难度。本文提出一种基于特征点的小型无人机图像配准方法，该方法的核心思想是在配准过程中识别冗余点，同时最大化可用内点数量。所识别的冗余点当作控制点，用于控制网格代图像的运动。最后通过最大化内点和合理移动控制点来恢复图像变换。本文使用50对小型无人机图像进行特征匹配和图像配准的实验，其中平均配准精度可达80.38%，并且本文方法在所有的情况下都优于5种当前流行算法。  相似文献   

基于间接平差的ICP点云配准算法研究     

于明旭 《测绘与空间地理信息》2020,(2):38-40

点云配准精度是决定三维重建模型的质量因素之一,目前,最常用是ICP点云配准算法,经典的ICP算法易局部收敛,影响点云配准精度。本文提出基于间接平差的ICP点云配准算法,设定目标点集中目标点坐标与转入目标点集中的点坐标之间的距离阈值实现点云精确配准。通过与经典ICP算法对比可知,本算法在一定程度上提高了点云配准精度和速度。  相似文献   

Stormflow threshold behaviour in a subtropical mountainous headwater catchment during forest recovery period     

Lezhang Wei  Zhijun Qiu  Guangyi Zhou  Tsuyoshi Kinouchi  Yu Liu 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1728-1740

Forest ecohydrological feedbacks complicate the threshold behaviour of stormflow response to precipitation or wetting conditions on a long-term scale (e.g. several years). In this study, the threshold behaviours in an evergreen-deciduous mixed forested headwater catchment in southern China were examined during 2009–2015, when damaged vegetation was recovering after the great 2008 Chinese ice and snowstorm. The non-uniqueness of the thresholds and the slow and rapid responses of stormflow at the outlet of the catchment in different hydro-climate datasets with different maximum values of gross precipitation (P) and sums of precipitation and antecedent soil moisture index (P + ASI) were assessed. The thresholds of P and P + ASI required to trigger stormflows (i.e. ‘generation thresholds’) and the transition from slow to rapid responses of stormflow (i.e. ‘rise thresholds’) were compared both seasonally and annually. The results indicated significant differences in the analysed datasets, highlighting the need to compare thresholds with care to avoid misinterpretation. Seasonal variations in threshold behaviours in the catchment suggested that vegetation canopy interception contributed to higher rise thresholds, and wetter conditions resulted in higher runoff sensitivity to precipitation during the growing and rainy seasons. Furthermore, the generation thresholds were higher in the dormant season, possibly due to drier soil moisture conditions in the near-channel areas. During the vegetation recovery period, the annual generation thresholds increased, however the rise thresholds did not exhibit a similar trend. The rapid stormflow response above the threshold decreased, possibly due to transpiration and interception of the recovered vegetation. However, the slow stormflow response to small rainfall events below the thresholds was higher in wetter years but lower in drier years, suggesting that the total water input dominated the stormflow response during small rainfall events. In conclusion, the seasonal and annual variations in threshold behaviours highlight that vegetation recovery and hydro-climatic conditions had a notable impact on the stormflow response.  相似文献