中国夏季和冬季极端干旱年代际变化及成因分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

刘珂  姜大膀 《大气科学》2014,38(2):309-321

依据1961～2009年中国区域540个气象站的夏、冬季气温和降水数据,首先采用气候变化趋势转折判别模型（简称PLFIM）分析了中国区域8个分区夏、冬季气温和降水的年代际变化,而后利用PDSI干旱指数研究了夏、冬季极端干旱在年代际尺度上的时空变化特征及其成因。结果表明:1961～2009年中国夏季极端干旱发生率北方大于南方,冬季则为在东部多而在西部少。夏季和冬季极端干旱发生概率在最后一次年代际转折后都呈增加趋势。在区域尺度上,夏季东北、华北和西北地区增加明显,冬季东北、华北、华南、西南地区增加显著。其中,降水在20世纪90年代以前的极端干旱变化中起主导作用,而后由于气候变暖所引起的极端干旱增加趋势逐渐增大,与降水变化的作用相互叠加。  相似文献   

准全球陆表干旱严重程度的多传感器遥感监测方法研究     

陈洪萍  贾根锁  冯锦明  董燕生  张安治 《大气科学》2014,38(5):939-949

在全球气候变暖的背景下,持续的干旱事件将对生态系统和人类社会产生不利影响。尽管存在多源卫星遥感资料及多种干旱指数,然而区域和全球尺度干旱事件的监测仍具有挑战。采用TRMM（Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission）数据量化降水异常、MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）和陆表温度（Land Surface Temperature,LST）数据表征植被生长异常,构建了一种兼顾降水异常和植被生长状况异常的多传感器陆表干旱严重程度指数（Multi-sensorsDrought Severity Index,MDSI）。结果表明:MDSI 能够准确检测准全球范围（50°S～50°N,0°～180°～0°）的气象干旱事件,如亚马逊流域2005 和2010 年干旱、中国川渝地区2006 年干旱、中国云南2010 年干旱、非洲东部2011 年干旱、2012 年美国中部干旱等;MDSI 与PDSI（Palmer Drought Severity Index）呈现出大致相同的干湿空间格局,并且MDSI 有助于湿润地区干旱程度的检测。  相似文献   

珠江口外内陆架表层沉积物重金属元素形态特征、控制因素及生态风险分析     

黄楚光  王建华  曹玲珑  倪志鑫  金钢雄  瓦西拉里 《海洋湖沼通报》2014,(3)

2011年对珠江口外内陆架海域22个点位表层沉积物中主要的重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和As含量、形态特征、来源控制因素以及潜在生态风险进行了研究。采用了BCR提取法分析各种重金属赋存形态,并依据各种重金属的形态特征与沉积物基质属性进行了相关因子分析,了解其分布的控制因素。结果表明:珠江口外内陆架沉积物重金属分布特征为由陆向海的方向,随着水深增大而逐渐降低。重金属赋存形态中Cr、Ni、Cu、As主要以残渣态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cd主要以酸提取态存在,Zn主要存在于残渣态与可还原态。各重金属非残渣态比重Cd最高,Cr最低,表明Cd的迁移性最强。各元素非残渣态在平面上的分布与总量分布模式相关性较好,因此,珠江口外内陆架海域通过总量来确定区域重金属污染情况在一定程度上是可靠的。重金属元素与黏土含量、可还原态Fe、Mn含量普遍具有较好的相关性。珠江口外内陆架的重金属来源比较复杂,主要来源于附近大陆的物质输入。运用酸提取态百分含量风险评估法对重金属潜在生态风险进行评价,发现研究区各元素综合风险评价除Cd为高风险外,Cr元素综合风险评价为无风险;其余为中一低风险等级。  相似文献   

福建三沙湾滩涂表层沉积物污染物特征及生态风险评价     

陈强  阎希柱  王松  李元戎 《海洋湖沼通报》2014,(2)

为了解福建三沙湾滩涂表层沉积物污染现状,对三沙湾滩涂表层沉积物中7种重金属污染物(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As)、非金属污染物(有机碳、硫化物、油类、总磷和总氮)含量及氧化还原电位Eh、pH值进行了检测及相关性分析,并应用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其进行综合评价。结果表明,表层沉积物重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As平均含量分别为20.9、49.9、110.4、0.136、46.6、o.028、6.64 mg/kg,油类、硫化物、有机碳、总磷、总氮平均含量分别为36.5 mg/kg、38.4 mg/kg、0.76%、0.42%、0.12%。Eh变化范围在-178~171 mV之间,平均值为-56.4mV,pH的变化范围在6.74~7.06,均值是6.91。除Cu和Zn外,其他各重金属之间没有显著相关性(P0.05);除重金属Cu与有机碳和总氮、Zn与总氮、Hg与油类之间存在着显著或极显著相关关系外(P0.05),其他重金属与非金属污染物之间相关性均不显著(P0.05);非金属污染物之间相关系数较低;Eh与硫化物呈现显著相关(P0.05)。重金属单因子指数依次为Pb(2.00)Zn(1.38)Cr(0.78)Cu(0.70)As(0.44)Cd(0.27)Hg(0.14),Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr、As为低污染,Pb、Zn为中污染;重金属内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为1.53,属中污染水平。单项重金属潜在生态风险参数依次为Pb(9.98)Cd(8.16)Hg(5.52)As(4.43)Cu(3.49)Cr(1.55)Zn(1.38),潜在生态风险指数(RI)为34.51,属于低潜在生态风险。该滩涂属于两种非金属污染物含量超标中的N、P含量超标亚类。  相似文献   

一部具有理论意义和应用价值的科学论著——评《海岛生态修复与环境保护》          下载免费PDF全文

苏勤 《海洋开发与管理》2014,(9):76-76

<正>海岛是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,是进行海洋科学试验和研究的重要区域,是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,具有非常重要的政治意义、军事价值、社会价值、经济价值、生态价值和科研价值。与此同时,由于地理隔离、恶劣自然环境的作用和土壤的贫瘠以及淡水资源的缺乏等影响。海  相似文献   

南太平洋所罗门群岛海域黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

陈峰  郭爱  朱文斌  周永东  徐汉祥  张龙 《热带海洋学报》2014,33(2):45-51

根据2012年9~12月所罗门群岛海域采集的353尾黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares样本,分析渔获物个体组成、性别比例、性成熟率和性腺指数等繁殖生物学参数。结果表明,捕获个体中包含大小两个群体;雌性群体个体规格明显小于雄性(p0.001)。春夏季9~12月雌、雄总体性别比为0.67︰1,显著偏离1︰1(p0.01);但性别比例与调查月份和个体大小密切相关,从9月到12月逐渐接近,至12月达到1︰1(p0.05)。性别比例随叉长增长逐步降低,叉长大于110cm个体中以雄性为主(p0.05),雌性比例与叉长呈现线性负相关关系,相关系数为-0.90,(p0.01)。雌、雄个体性成熟率和性腺指数在春末夏初间逐步增长,至11~12月达到最高;Ⅴ~Ⅵ期产卵个体比例增加,这表明所罗门群岛海域黄鳍金枪鱼春夏季存在产卵群体,从10月开始出现产卵个体,调查期间12月产卵个体比例达到相对最高,并且性腺指数与叉长呈现正相关关系;更一步的分析表明,雌、雄个体初次性成熟叉长分别为97.4cm和103.7cm。对该海域黄鳍金枪鱼繁殖生物学的研究有助于了解该种群资源状况,对渔业资源评估具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Effects of an artificial oyster shell reef on macrobenthic communities in Rongcheng Bay,East China     

徐勤增  张立斌  张涛  周毅  夏苏东  刘辉  杨红生 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2014,32(1):99-110

An artificial oyster shell reef was deployed in Rongcheng Bay, East China. However, the effects of this reef on the surrounding macrobenthic communities were unknown. We compared sedimentary factors, macrobenthic biomass, abundance, and community composition and ecological indicators between the reef and non-reef areas over a one year period. The mean values for chlorophyll a （Chl a）, total organic matter （TOM）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and total nitrogen （TN） content in surface sediments in the reef area were slightly higher than those in the non-reef area. The Chl a levels differed significantly between the two areas, but the TOM, TOC, and TN were not significantly different. The abundance of crustaceans was significantly different between the two areas, but the abundance and biomass ofpolychaetes, echinoderms, mollusk did not differ significantly. The permutational multivariate analysis of variance （PERMANOVA） revealed that the macrobenthic community differed significantly through time and analysis of similarity multivariate analyses （ANOSIM） revealed that the macrobenthic community differed significantly in some months. The ecological indicators revealed that the environmental quality of the reef area was slightly better than that of the non-reef area. Overall, our results suggest that the artificial oyster shell reef may change the macrobenthic community and the quality of the environment. Despite the lack of an effect in the short term, long-term monitoring is still needed to evaluate the effects of artificial oyster shell reefs on macrobenthic communities.  相似文献   

Zooplankton community structure in relation to environmental factors and ecological assessment of water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River     

李晓钰  于洪贤  马成学 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2014,32(6):1344-1351

To study the relationship between zooplankton community structure and environmental factors and water quality in the Harbin Section of the Songhua River, investigations were carried out in June, August, and October 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） and saprobic indices were used to process and analyze the data. Seasonal variability was identified as a significant source of variation, which explains the fluctuation in zooplankton density. In autumn, the dry season, water residence time increased and zooplankton biomass and abundance accumulated in the slow flowing waters. Zooplankton abundance increased when food conditions improved. Therefore, the total zooplankton abundance in autumn is much higher than that in spring and summer. According to the saprobic indices, all the sample sites had mesosaprobic water and water quality was worse in autumn. CCA revealed that temperature accounted for most of the spatial variation in the zooplankton community. Moreover, pH, dissolved oxygen saturation, and turbidity were important factors affecting zooplankton community distribution.  相似文献   

以“三中全会”精神为指引 切实强化国土资源管理     

本刊编辑部 《华北国土资源》2014,(1)

正十八届三中全会上,习近平同志提出:健全国土空间开发、资源节约利用、生态环境保护的体制机制,推动形成人与自然和谐发展现代化建设新格局。作为国土资源部门的工作人员来说,认真学好十八届三中全会精神并贯彻落实到具体工作中去,意义十分重要。一是大力推进资源的节约利用。要节约集约利用资源,推动资源利用方式根本转变,加强全过程节约管理,大幅降低能源、土地消耗强度,提高利用效率和效益。严守耕地保  相似文献   

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yiran Zhang  Demin Zhou  Zhenguo Niu  Fengjiao Xu 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,24(3):269-278

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.  相似文献