Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert ecosystem, Inner Mongolia   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

Jinzhu Ma  W. Michael Edmunds 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(7):1231-1243

The amount and timing of aquifer recharge and the evolution of lakes and groundwater in the south-eastern Badain Jaran desert of Inner Mongolia, with high megadunes, has been investigated using stable isotopes and hydrochemistry. Unsaturated zone moisture profiles down to 22 m have recorded recharge over 1185 years. Small but finite amounts of recharge are recorded with mean recharge rates of 0.95-1.33 mm year^?1, determined using a chloride mass balance technique. The unsaturated profile also acts as a unique archive of hydrological and climate change. Before 1300, it was relatively dry but distinct wet periods may be recognised during 1340-1450, 1500-1610 and 1710-1820. Since the mid 1800s, the climate shows a trend towards greater aridity. The interdune lakes are generally fresh but locally, hypersaline lakes are found in juxtaposition. This implies that in general, the lakes have low residence times and flow back into the dune system, but sedimentary obstruction locally prevents outflow and extreme evaporation occurs. The stable isotope records show that the lakes are fed by palaeowaters which on the basis of other proxy data must predate the Last Glacial Maximum. Their recharge source is problematic but most likely this derives from a diminishing water table extending some 30 m south to the Yabulai Mountains.  相似文献   

Geologic relationships and mineralization of peralkaline/alkaline granite-syenite of the Zargat Na＇ am ring complex, Southeastern Desert, Egypt     

Gehad M. Saleh 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(2):97-111

The Zargat Na’ am ring complex crops out 90 km NW of Shalatin City in the Southeastern Desert of Egypt. The ring complex forms a prominent ridge standing high above the surrounding mafic-ultramafic hills. It is cut by two sets of joints and faults which strike predominantly NNW-SSE and E-W, and is injected by dikes, porphyritic alkaline syenites, and felsite porphyries. It consists of alkali syenites, alkali quartz syenites, and peralkaline arfvedsonite-bearing granitic and pegmatitic dikes and sills. The complex is characterized locally by extreme enrichments in REEs, wolframite and rare, high field strength metals (HFSM), such as Zr and Nb. The highest concentrations (1.5 wt% Zr, 0.25 wt% Nb, 0.6 wt% Σ REEs) occur in aegirine-albite aplites that formed around arfvedsonite pegmatites. Quartzhosted melt inclusions in arfvedsonite granite and pegmatite provide unequivocal evidence that the peralkaline compositions and rare metal enrichments are primary magmatic features. Glass inclusions in quartz crystals also have high concentrations of incompatible trace elements including Nb (750 ￠ 10⁻⁶), Zr (2500 × 10⁻⁶) and REEs (1450 × 10⁻⁶). The REEs, Nb and Zr compositions of the aegirine-albite aplites plot along the same linear enrichment trends as the melt inclusions, and Y/Ho ratios mostly display unfractionated, near-chondritic values. The chemical and textural features of the aegirine-albite aplites are apparently resultant from rapid crystallization after volatile loss from a residual peralkaline granitic melt similar in composition to the melt inclusions.  相似文献   

Holocene environmental change and vegetation contraction in the Sonoran Desert     

Joseph R. McAuliffe  Eric V. McDonald 《Quaternary Research》2006,65(2):204-215

Two types of microtopographic features (plant scar mounds and plant scar depressions) on surfaces of barren desert pavements provide a unique record of the former presence of large perennial plants. Evidence of bioturbation by burrowing animals extends more than 1 m beneath each type of plant scar, indicating that both features originated as large bioturbation mounds. Formation of bioturbation mounds in desertscrub environments is generally restricted to areas beneath widely separated, large perennial plants. The contrasting forms of plant scars (mounds vs. depressions) represent time-dependent changes following disappearance of the large plants and eventual cessation of bioturbation. Plant scar mounds represent a geologically recent episode of plant mortality, whereas plant scar depressions represent the disappearance of plants at a considerably earlier time, possibly at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Contrasting spatial distributions of the two kinds of plant scars indicate that vegetation on alluvial fans has progressively contracted from a more diffuse, former vegetation cover, yielding the wide, barren pavement surfaces present today. In less arid portions of the Sonoran Desert, spatial distribution of recent plant mortality due to persistent, severe drought provides an analog of the progressive loss of plants from different parts of the landscape in the past.  相似文献   

Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, U.S.A.     

Peter G. Griffiths  Richard Hereford  Robert H. Webb   《Geomorphology》2006,74(1-4):232-244

Sediment yield from small arid basins, particularly in the Mojave Desert, is largely unknown owing to the ephemeral nature of these fluvial systems and long recurrence interval of flow events. We examined 27 reservoirs in the northern and eastern Mojave Desert that trapped sediment from small (< 1 km²) drainage basins on alluvial fans over the past 100 yr, calculated annual sediment yield, and estimated the average recurrence interval (RI) of sediment-depositing flow events. These reservoirs formed where railbeds crossed and blocked channels, causing sediment to be trapped and stored upslope. Deposits are temporally constrained by the date of railway construction (1906–1910), the presence of ¹³⁷Cs in the reservoir profile (post-1952 sediment), and either 1993, when some basins breached during regional flooding, or 2000–2001, when stratigraphic analyses were performed. Reservoir deposits are well stratified at most sites and have distinct fining-upward couplets indicative of discrete episodes of sediment-bearing runoff. Average RI of runoff events for these basins ranges from 2.6 to 7.3 yr and reflects the incidence of either intense or prolonged rainfall; more than half the runoff events occurred before 1963. A period of above-normal precipitation, from 1905 to 1941, may have increased runoff frequency in these basins. Mean sediment yield (9 to 48 tons km^− 2 yr^− 1) is an order of magnitude smaller than sediment yields calculated elsewhere and may be limited by reduced storm intensity, the presence of desert pavement, and shallow gradient of fan surfaces. Sediment yield decreases as drainage area increases, a trend typical of much larger drainage basins where sediment-transport processes constrain sediment yield. Coarse substrate and low-angle slopes of these alluvial fan surfaces likely limit sediment transport capacity through transmission losses and channel storage.  相似文献   

克里雅河下游沉积物的光释光年龄与晚更新世末以来沙漠的形成     

张峰  王姣  马丽  迪丽拜尔·吐尔孙 《地理学报》2021,76(9):2240-2252

有关塔克拉玛干沙漠演化的年代学数据尚少,本文在地貌认知较少的克里雅河下游沙漠深处的圆沙和喀拉墩一带16处剖面获取了18件河流沉积光释光（OSL）年龄。新测得的年龄数据分布于3.4—44.1 ka。全新世样品多分布于圆沙与喀拉墩干三角洲及其之间的地区,年龄集中在11 ka、8—9 ka、5—6.5 ka、4.6 ka与3.4—3.7 ka。深海氧同位素3阶段（MIS3）样品位置在克里雅河与和田河之间,分布在约38—47 ka前后。末次冰期冰盛期（LGM）末样品分布在通往圆沙古河道的西侧,年龄在14.5 ka前后。根据沉积物样品及年代学数据认为：克里雅河下游曾在MIS3阶段末、LGM末与全新世多次发生洪泛;数次的洪泛事件对克里雅河下游地貌发育产生重要影响;克里雅河下游干三角洲及现代河流西侧的流动沙丘主要形成于全新世,与前人“发育于汉唐以来”的观点不完全一致。克里雅河下游河流沉积发生时间与塔里木盆地周缘山脉冰进冰消有一定对应,暗示气候变化可能间接影响着塔克拉玛干沙漠沙丘的发育。  相似文献   

Paleozoic glaciation in NE Africa: field and remote sensing-based evidence from the South Eastern Desert of Egypt     

Mohamed S. Elhebiry  Ibrahim Abu El-Leil  Alan E. Kehew  Mahmoud H. Bekiet  Islam Abdel Shahid 《International Geology Review》2020,62(9):1187-1204

ABSTRACT

Exhumed Paleozoic glacial deposits and landforms of the North Gondwana are reported here for the first time from the South Eastern Desert (SED) of Egypt. Using field observations and remote sensing datasets (Advanced Land Observing Satellite [ALOS], Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar [PALSAR] radar, multispectral Landsat TM datasets, and digital elevation models [DEMs]), we mapped the distribution of Paleozoic glacial features (i.e. deposits and landforms) in the SED. Two main glaciogenic facies were identified in three locations in the SED: (1) massive, poorly sorted, matrix supported, boulder-rich diamictites in Wadi El-Naam and Korbiai, and (2) moderately-sorted, occasionally bedded outwash deposits in Betan area. Inspection of radar, DEMs, and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) images revealed previously unrecognized ENE-WSW trending glacial megalineations (MLs) over the peneplained Neoproterozoic basement rocks in the central sections of the SED, whose trends align along their projected extension with those of glacial features (tunnel valleys and striation trends) reported from Saudi Arabia. The glaciogenic features in the SED are believed to be largely eroded during the uplift associated with the Red Sea opening, except for those preserved as basal units beneath the Nubia Sandstone Formation or as remnant isolated deposits within paleo-depressions within the basement complex. The apparent spatial correlation of the SED glacial features with well-defined Late Ordovician deposits in North Africa and in Saudi Arabia, and the reported thermochronometric analyses and fossil records are consistent with a Late Ordovician age for the SED glaciogenic features and support models that call on the continuation of the Late Ordovician (Hirnantian) ice sheet from the Sahara into Arabia through the SED of Egypt.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地流沙下垫面土壤呼吸特征及影响因素分析     

郑新倩  彭冬梅  潘红林  杨帆 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2018,12(5):60-68

通过LI-COR8100A土壤碳通量观测系统分别于2013年1月、5月、10月和11月进行了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中流沙下垫面土壤呼吸速率测定试验,并分析了相应的土壤水热因子对呼吸速率的影响。结果表明:塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地土壤呼吸速率整体偏低,但具有明显的昼夜波动性和季节变化特征。研究区流沙土壤中可能存在的无机碳过程是导致夜间及凌晨的土壤呼吸速率为负值,白天为正值的主要原因。不同时段的土壤呼吸速率(Rs)分别与土壤表层0~5 cm平均土壤温度(T)和湿度(W)间存在较为同步的昼夜变化趋势且具有良好的回归关系。相对于单因素影响的回归分析,土壤温、湿度的协同作用能够从整体角度更好地解释土壤呼吸速率的变化情况。回归方程Rs=a+bT+cW和Rs=a+bT+cW+dTW可解释不同时段土壤呼吸速率76.0%以上的变化情况。这说明土壤温、湿度是控制土壤呼吸速率的主要环境因子。沙漠腹地土壤极低的水分条件成为土壤呼吸的限制性因子,呼吸速率对于作为限制性因子的土壤湿度的变化响应则更加直接,而对于土壤温度变化的敏感性就有所下降,导致土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度回归关系出现明显的时滞环现象。  相似文献   

乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘风蚀空间分布规律及其影响因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

李锦荣  郭建英  赵纳祺  张志杰  刘铁军  吴强 《中国沙漠》2018,38(5):928-935

为科学治理黄河乌兰布和沙漠沿岸风沙入黄问题,以该河段风沙危害严重的刘拐沙头流动沙丘为研究对象,开展沿岸沙丘风蚀与沉积规律及其影响因素研究。结果表明：（1）沙丘不同部位风蚀与沉积存在差异,与风速在沙丘的空间分布相关。迎风坡坡脚、坡中以风蚀为主,风蚀速率分别为1.07、1.31 cm·d^-1;坡顶风蚀和沉积交替进行,风蚀速率2.16 cm·d^-1,沉积速率1.36 cm·d^-1;沙丘背风坡受反向气流影响以沉积为主,沉积速率2.19 cm·d^-1,风蚀主要出现夏秋季节反向风时期;丘间地受上风向沙丘阻挡的影响,一般以沉积为主,平均沉积速率0.12 cm·d^-1。丘间地净风蚀量与背风坡显著差异（P<0.05）,但与坡脚、坡中和坡顶差异不显著（P>0.1）;背风坡净风蚀量与坡脚、坡中和坡顶极显著差异（P<0.01）。从总风蚀速率来看,风沙活动活跃强度排序：坡顶 > 背风坡 > 坡中 > 坡脚 > 丘间地。（2）冬春季节风蚀与夏秋季节存在显著差异（P<0.05）,风力和降水的季节性差异是造成风蚀季节性差异的主要因素。研究结果可为沿岸流动沙丘风沙入黄防治和完善黄河沿岸风沙防护体系提供参考。  相似文献   

乌兰布和沙漠不同土地覆被类型粒度特征及空间分异   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋洁  春喜 《中国沙漠》2018,38(2):243-251

对中国沙尘暴源区之一的乌兰布和沙漠进行系统采样,分析不同土地覆被类型的地表沉积物粒度特征及其空间分异规律。结果表明：乌兰布和沙漠地表沉积物以中沙和细沙为主,平均粒径为2.84 φ。沙漠地表沉积物的粒度特征在不同土地覆被类型和不同空间存在明显的分异规律,表明该沙漠的地表沉积物粒度分布是由物源、地形和搬运营力共同作用的结果。乌兰布和沙漠内部最可能成为沙尘暴尘源的有沙漠中部的盐碱地、东北部的耕地和广泛存在于沙漠中的沙丘。根据不同区域的土地覆被类型因地制宜地选取先锋植物种群改善区域地表覆盖状况和地表沉积物粒度组分,是该区域尘源治理的主要手段。  相似文献   

库姆塔格沙漠北部三垄沙地区风沙运动特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

杨转玲  钱广强  董治宝  罗万银  张正偲  逯军峰  李继彦 《中国沙漠》2018,38(1):58-67

风沙地貌发育受控于近地表风沙运动,目前这一领域的研究较多关注短时期内（几分钟至几小时）、单一方向（正对主风向）的风沙流结构特征,结果难以与长期的地貌过程联系起来。为此,我们采用八方位四层梯度集沙仪,于2014年5月至2015年5月,在库姆塔格沙漠北部三垄沙地区进行了一个完整年度的风沙运动观测。经过6个时段的连续观测,获取了不同方向、不同高度的192个运动沙粒样品。结果表明：（1）近地表1 m高度内,收集的样品总质量为405.2 kg,其中约75.3%集中在近地表0~0.2 m,反映了近地表输沙特征。（2）平均输沙率为55.2 kg·m^-1·d^-1,风沙运动的风向以北风、东北风和西北风为主;不同季节差异明显,春季输沙率最大,是年均输沙率的2.5倍,夏季次之,冬季最小。（3）年度平均输沙通量廓线（风沙流结构）呈指数函数递减趋势,部分通量廓线出现了戈壁风沙流的"象鼻效应"。（4）平均净输沙率1.159 kg·m^-1·d^-1,随高度增加呈递减趋势,合成输沙方向为193.2°;不同时段净输沙率随高度的变化基本与全年一致,合成输沙方向随高度增加有从东北向北偏的趋势。综上所述,该区域输沙强度以春季最为强烈,输沙方向以N、NE和NW方向为主,且春、夏两季节分别有一个次输沙方向,为S方向。本研究对于深入理解三垄沙地区风沙运动特征和揭示库姆塔格沙漠沙物质来源有重要意义。  相似文献