An overview of the role of weathering in the production of quartz silt     

Janet S. Wright 《Sedimentary Geology》2007,202(3):337-351

Quartz silt is a widespread detrital sediment with large aeolian (loess) and alluvial silt deposits forming important components of many contemporary landscapes. Despite research findings which indicate that a range of opportunities exist for the comminution of quartz into silt particles within a wide variety of geomorphic environments (e.g. glacial grinding, fluvial comminution, aeolian abrasion, frost weathering, salt weathering, insolation weathering and deep weathering), the ‘glacial-aeolian’ hypothesis has traditionally been favoured as the most likely explanation for loess formation and loess is seen as primarily a Quaternary phenomenon. As a consequence there has been a tendency to underestimate sediment inputs into loess systems by geomorphological processes operating within pre-Quaternary environments. In particular, earth scientists may have considerably underestimated the role of weathering in global silt generation, as there are now many references to the existence of a patchy but widespread distribution of pre-Quaternary weathering profiles across the glacial and periglacial landscapes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. North America, British Isles, north and central Europe), landscapes within which many of the classical loess deposits are located. These observations suggest that weathering profiles may have covered large tracts of the Northern Hemisphere land surface prior to the Quaternary glaciations. This, in turn, may have important implications for quartz silt generation as: (1) experimental studies indicate that many weathering processes are capable of generating significant quantities of silt-sized debris, and (2) particle characteristics displayed by saprolitic material that has developed on quartz rich crystalline source rocks often include significant quantities of either silt-sized material, or quartz grains that are weakened by weathering derived microfractures. Thus, weathering profiles may represent ‘mines’ of actual and potential quartz silt, available for release into sedimentary systems when these profiles are subsequently reworked by geomorphological processes such as glacial, fluvial and aeolian erosion.  相似文献   

Chemical perturbations in the planetary boundary layer and their relevance for chemistry transport modelling     

Adolf Ebel  Michael Memmesheimer  Hermann J. Jakobs 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,125(2):265-278

The role of perturbations of reactive trace gas concentration distributions in turbulent flows in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is discussed. The paper focuses on disturbances with larger spatial scales. Sequential nesting of a chemical transport model is applied to assess the effect of neglecting subgrid chemical perturbations on the formation and loss of ozone, NO _x , peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and HNO₃ calculated with a highly complex chemical mechanism. The results point to characteristic differences regarding the process of mixing of chemically reactive species in the PBL and lower troposphere.  相似文献   

The influence of meteorology on the organic and inorganic properties of aerosols in Hong Kong     

Mei Zheng  Zhigang Guo  Ming Fang  Dana R. Kester   《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):323-336

The organic and inorganic species in total suspended particulates (TSP) collected from June to December in 1998 in Hong Kong were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to investigate the sources of Hong Kong aerosols and the mechanisms that control the chemical compositions and variations in the atmosphere. These samples were classified according to the climate: wet, dry under the influence of southerly winds from the sea (Dry-S) and dry under the influence of northerly winds from the continent (Dry-N). There were significant increases of materials from crustal, biogenic and pollution sources in the Dry-N period by a factor of 5, 4, and 2, respectively. Since the crustal tracers (e.g., Al, Fe) could be from coal flyash, the estimate of crustal material in the Dry-N period may include some materials from pollution source. Therefore, a positive correlation between crustal and pollution elements was observed. From the analysis of solvent-extractable organics (SEOC), microbial and meat cooking sources showed slight increase (1.2-fold). Higher levels of plant wax materials in the Dry-N period were probably due to the higher wind speed during the winter monsoon. The percentage of crustal material in TSP was 47% in the Dry-N period, and only 22% in the wet season and the Dry-S period. Plant wax materials (biogenic source) had a higher percentage in the Dry-N period (39% of SEOC) while microbial and meat cooking sources accounted for 49% of SEOC in the wet season. This study revealed that wind direction and precipitation had a significant influence not only on the concentrations but also on the chemical compositions and sources of Hong Kong aerosols.  相似文献   

基于单轴压缩试验的不同风化程度花岗岩分形特征分析     

王洪建  崔炎宗  袁广祥  赵菲  张翼宇  黄志全 《岩土力学》2023,(8):2249-2265

风化花岗岩物理力学性质的弱化给工程稳定性带来很大影响,因此,研究不同风化程度花岗岩的破坏特性具有重要意义。利用河南五岳抽水蓄能电站库区采集的风化花岗岩,结合现场岩芯特征的定性描述及波速比定量评价指标,划分出了微、弱、强3种不同风化程度的花岗岩;对单轴压缩破坏后产生的碎屑进行质量和尺度的特征分析,在此基础上建立了碎屑分形维数值与波速比之间的对应关系,并利用MATLAB对花岗岩破坏后主破裂表面裂缝进行分形维数计算。结果表明：风化试样产生的碎屑以粗粒组为主,且随风化程度增强,粗粒组碎屑质量占比逐渐增大;强风化岩石碎屑长厚比分布范围小,块状碎屑占比低,破坏动力学特性不明显,其形状更单一,主要以板状为主;随着风化程度的降低,块状碎屑含量增多,岩石动力学破坏特征增强,碎屑分形维数随着表征风化程度波速比的增大而呈增大趋势;相较于碎屑质量、宽度和厚度,碎屑数量和长度是影响碎屑分形维数的主控因素,是反映不同风化程度花岗岩破碎分形特征的主要参量;强风化类组花岗岩表面裂缝分形随波速比变化不明显,而弱风化、微风化花岗岩的裂缝分形维数随波速比增大而呈显著增大趋势,说明其自相似程度更高,形状更复杂,而在裂缝形成过...  相似文献   

风化过程中硒背景值的定量表征     

李金哲  龚庆杰  刘亚轩  严桃桃  李睿堃 《现代地质》2018,32(5):1031

硒是人和动物必需的微量元素,基于58件标准物质的化学风化指标和硒的认定值,采用微量元素地球化学背景值的经验方程形式拟合得到表征全国范围内硒背景值的经验方程：lgc=0822×(12-WIG/100)-1061×lg(K2O/SiO2)-2704,式中c为Se的含量(单位为μg/g),风化指标WIG的变化范围为43~1116,风化指标K2O/SiO2变化范围为0020~0137。该方程所表征的是样品因风化程度不同所呈现出的硒地球化学背景值,风化程度强的样品总体上具有较高的Se地球化学背景值。将该经验方程式在广东河台和广东南昆山两个研究区进行应用,认为寻找富硒区应当优先将风化程度较强的地区视为备选区,依据全国区域化探扫面数据可以方便地确定风化程度较强的地区。在环境质量评价中可以利用Se实测值确定足硒和富硒区,利用实测值扣除背景值获得的元素含量剩余值可以有效确定残积层土壤下伏的足硒和富硒岩石,即依据全国多目标地球化学调查数据可以有效地确定足硒和富硒地质体(残积层土壤及其下伏岩石)的分布区。广东南昆山岩体中西部的岩石应属于足硒和富硒地质体。  相似文献   

成兰铁路绵竹—茂县段茂县群浅变质千枚岩风化指数研究     

王亚暐  吴光 《地球学报》2018,39(6):749-761

本文以成兰铁路茂县群千枚岩为研究对象, 通过电子探针、电子显微镜和岩石地球化学分析等实验方法对其地球化学特征、微观成分结构特征以及原岩特征进行分析研究, 同时对该区风化千枚岩样及其新鲜岩的化学成分进行分析对比, 使用SPSS.22软件对各主要元素进行相关性分析, 得出其风化过程中的控制性元素后进行判别方程式拟合, 同时与前人已有的风化指标进行对比, 得出新生成的判别式更适用于本区域的风化千枚岩类判识。  相似文献   

山东蓬莱史家沟西山火山碎屑岩风化壳元素地球化学特征     

王集宁  蒙永辉  颜堂  姚英强  刘瑞峰  邹连庆  商婷婷  付娟 《地球学报》2018,39(4):498-512

以山东蓬莱城西史家沟的西山火山碎屑岩风化壳为研究对象,系统采集样品,并测试了微量元素、主量元素、稀土元素以及黏土矿物等指标,揭示了西山火山碎屑岩风化壳的元素地球化学特征,讨论了风化壳的形成年代及其气候条件。史家沟火山碎屑岩风化壳源自基性-超基性玻屑凝灰岩母岩,CIA平均值为92.3,总体上处于为强度风化水平,K、Na、Ca和Mg等元素淋失殆尽,出现了脱硅富铝铁现象,为轻稀土富集型风化壳。西山火山碎屑岩风化壳可分为两个喷发旋回,大致以200 cm为界限,在此以下第一旋回,以上为第二旋回。第一旋回的CIA介于94.0~97.2之间,V、Rb、Sb、Mo、Li和Ga等微量元素出现淋失,在213 cm处并出现了?REE、?LREE和?HREE的峰值、Ce的负异常,蒙脱石化彻底,风化壳呈现灰白色。第二旋回的CIA在86.3~89.2之间,风化程度较第一旋回稍低,微量元素和稀土元素垂直变化较小,蒙脱石化并不完全彻底,仍残留长石、赤铁矿和石英等原生矿物,因而仍然呈现红色或淡红色。西山火山碎屑岩风化壳形成于中新世末到上新世,为温暖湿润的亚热带环境;中新世后的气候趋冷造成了两个旋回风化程度和元素地球化学特征的差异。  相似文献   

赣南山区矿泉水出露模式探讨     

孙智杰  高宗军  王新峰  林海斌  宋绵 《地球学报》2018,39(5):565-572

赣南属于典型的山区,也是严重缺水区,一般在山区沟谷两侧有优质矿泉水涌出地表。宁都县位于赣南北部,具有赣南典型的地貌特征、构造特征。现以宁都县为例,探讨矿泉水的分布与出露模式。通过区域地质调查、水文地质条件分析及水质分析,发现:矿泉水类型主要为偏硅酸矿泉水,含量30.72~48.56 mg/L,水化学类型为HCO_3-CaNa型水,水温普遍低于25℃,溶解性总固体小于153.53 mg/L,属于低矿化冷矿泉;断裂构造为矿泉水形成提供水动力条件,也为矿泉水的运移、贮存提供良好空间;地形地貌以侵蚀构造山地丘陵为主,高差大、切割深的径流条件促进了地下水中偏硅酸的富集;花岗岩中的高含量SiO_2为矿泉水提供了物质基础,且风化程度高、裂隙发育,水岩作用进行充分。  相似文献   

重庆市西部地区浅层地下水化学特征及污染现状分析     

赵丽  王同桂  邓春光  张韵 《地下水》2015,(1):70-72

以重庆市沙坪坝区、北碚区、璧山县、铜梁县等9个区县地下水为对象,对表层土壤物理性质、地下水化学特征及地下水水质进行了测试分析,根据《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-93),对地下水进行了单项组分评价和质量综合评价,并对污染成因进行了分析。结果显示研究区内地下水以HCO3-、SO42--Ca2+、Mg2+型和HCO3--Ca2+、Mg2+型为主,地下水质量不容乐观,超标率达到了78%,地下水中总硬度、硫酸盐、锰等因子的背景值较高,超标显著,亚硝酸氮和氨氮的超标率达到了18.5%,最大超标倍数分别为86.5倍和44.9倍。  相似文献   

太古宇潜山风化壳储层发育主控因素分析——以鲁西-济阳地区为例     

张鹏飞  刘惠民  曹忠祥  田美荣  唐东  马士坤 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(5):1289-1298

随着我国东部各大含油气盆地相继进入高勘探程度阶段,太古宇潜山作为一种重要的接替类型逐渐受到人们的重视。以明确太古宇潜山风化壳储层发育主控因素、建立风化壳储层评价标准为目的,笔者通过对鲁西地区太古宇露头的大量观测与济阳坳陷覆盖区典型太古宇潜山的解剖,采用露头区与覆盖区对比分析的思路,对太古宇潜山风化壳储层的发育特征及主控因素进行了分析。研究发现,太古宇潜山风化壳储层主要存在两种发育模式,分别为残丘型和断层滑脱型;风化壳储层发育的主控因素主要包括3个,分别为潜山岩石矿物组成、潜山断裂发育程度和风化改造程度;通过对主控因素分别进行级别定义和相互匹配,建立了济阳坳陷太古宇风化壳储层的三端元评价标准。将太古宇风化壳储层划分为三大类,其中Ⅰ类储集性能最好,Ⅱ类次之,Ⅲ类最差。  相似文献