不同颗粒级配的某火山灰的力学性质试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

蒋明镜  郑敏  王闯  张熇  李立青 《岩土力学》2009,30(Z2):64-66

以吉林省靖宇县的红色火山灰为原材料,配制了5种不同级配的试样,通过比重、直剪和一维压缩试验测试了该火山灰材料的相对密度、剪切强度、压缩性等物理与力学特性,分析了颗粒级配对该火山灰的剪切和压缩力学特性的影响,为该材料的进一步应用提供参考。试验发现,所配制的火山灰试样的剪切特性与干砂土的抗剪性质类似,压缩特性都属于中压缩性土。  相似文献   

电阻率法评价膨胀土改良的物化过程   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

查甫生  刘松玉  杜延军  崔可锐 《岩土力学》2009,30(6):1711-1718

掺石灰、粉煤灰是工程中通常采用的改良膨胀土的方法。土电阻率是土的基本物理指标之一,其变化可反映土的其他物理性质指标的变化。通过掺灰改良膨胀土不同养护龄期下的电阻率测试以及膨胀量、膨胀力及无侧限抗压强度等试验研究,探讨了掺灰改良膨胀土养护过程中的物理化学反应过程。根据养护过程中的电阻率随龄期的变化规律,可将改良膨胀土的物理化学反应过程划分为瞬时反应阶段、主体反应阶段、残余反应阶段和稳定阶段4个不同阶段。针对改良膨胀土质量控制和评价体系中存在的不足,提出了基于电阻率指标的改性膨胀土的质量评价方法,通过试验证实了该方法的有效性和实用性。  相似文献   

Monitoring ash emission episodes at Mt. Etna: The 16 November 2006 case study   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Daniele Andronico  Simona Scollo  Antonio Cristaldi  Ferruccio Ferrari 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,180(2-4):123

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Near-real-time volcanic ash cloud detection: Experiences from the Alaska Volcano Observatory   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

P.W. Webley  J. Dehn  J. Lovick  K.G. Dean  J.E. Bailey  L. Valcic 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,186(1-2):79

Volcanic eruptions produce ash clouds, which are a major hazard to population centers and the aviation community. Within the North Pacific (NOPAC) region, there have been numerous volcanic ash clouds that have reached aviation routes. Others have closed airports and traveled for thousands of kilometers. Being able to detect these ash clouds and then provide an assessment of their potential movement is essential for hazard assessment and mitigation. Remote sensing satellite data, through the reverse absorption or split window method, is used to detect these volcanic ash clouds, with a negative signal produced from spectrally semi-transparent ash clouds. Single channel satellite is used to detect the early eruption spectrally opaque ash clouds. Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion (VATD) models are used to provide a forecast of the ash clouds' future location. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) remote sensing ash detection system automatically analyzes satellite data of volcanic ash clouds, detecting new ash clouds and also providing alerts, both email and text, to those with AVO. However, there are also non-volcanic related features across the NOPAC region that can produce a negative signal. These can complicate alerts and warning of impending ash clouds. Discussions and examples are shown of these non-volcanic features and some analysis is provided on how these features can be discriminated from volcanic ash clouds. Finally, there is discussion on how information of the ash cloud such as location, particle size and concentrations, could be used as VATD model initialization. These model forecasts could then provide an improved assessment of the clouds' future movement.  相似文献   

Improved prediction and tracking of volcanic ash clouds   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Peter Webley  Larry Mastin   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,186(1-2):1

During the past 30 years, more than 100 airplanes have inadvertently flown through clouds of volcanic ash from erupting volcanoes. Such encounters have caused millions of dollars in damage to the aircraft and have endangered the lives of tens of thousands of passengers. In a few severe cases, total engine failure resulted when ash was ingested into turbines and coating turbine blades. These incidents have prompted the establishment of cooperative efforts by the International Civil Aviation Organization and the volcanological community to provide rapid notification of eruptive activity, and to monitor and forecast the trajectories of ash clouds so that they can be avoided by air traffic. Ash-cloud properties such as plume height, ash concentration, and three-dimensional ash distribution have been monitored through non-conventional remote sensing techniques that are under active development. Forecasting the trajectories of ash clouds has required the development of volcanic ash transport and dispersion models that can calculate the path of an ash cloud over the scale of a continent or a hemisphere. Volcanological inputs to these models, such as plume height, mass eruption rate, eruption duration, ash distribution with altitude, and grain-size distribution, must be assigned in real time during an event, often with limited observations. Databases and protocols are currently being developed that allow for rapid assignment of such source parameters. In this paper, we summarize how an interdisciplinary working group on eruption source parameters has been instigating research to improve upon the current understanding of volcanic ash cloud characterization and predictions. Improved predictions of ash cloud movement and air fall will aid in making better hazard assessments for aviation and for public health and air quality.  相似文献   

Retrieval of volcanic ash particle size, mass and optical depth from a ground-based thermal infrared camera   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

A.J. Prata  C. Bernardo 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,186(1-2):91

Volcanoes can emit fine-sized ash particles (1–10 μm radii) into the atmosphere and if they reach the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere, these particles can have deleterious effects on the atmosphere and climate. If they remain within the lowest few kilometers of the atmosphere, the particles can lead to health effects in humans and animals and also affect vegetation. It is therefore of some interest to be able to measure the particle size distribution, mass and other optical properties of fine ash once suspended in the atmosphere. A new imaging camera working in the infrared region between 7–14 μm has been developed to detect and quantify volcanic ash. The camera uses passive infrared radiation measured in up to five spectral channels to discriminate ash from other atmospheric absorbers (e.g. water molecules) and a microphysical ash model is used to invert the measurements into three retrievable quantities: the particle size distribution, the infrared optical depth and the total mass of fine particles. In this study we describe the salient characteristics of the thermal infrared imaging camera and present the first retrievals from field studies at an erupting volcano. An automated ash alarm algorithm has been devised and tested and a quantitative ash retrieval scheme developed to infer particle sizes, infrared optical depths and mass in a developing ash column. The results suggest that the camera is a useful quantitative tool for monitoring volcanic particulates in the size range 1–10 μm and because it can operate during the night, it may be a very useful complement to other instruments (e.g. ultra-violet spectrometers) that only operate during daylight.  相似文献   

Reducing discrepancies in ground and satellite-observed eruption heights   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Andrew Tupper  Rick Wunderman   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2009,186(1-2):22

The plume height represents a crucial piece of evidence about an eruption, feeding later assessment of its size, character, and potential impact, and feeding real-time warnings for aviation and ground-based populations. There have been many observed discrepancies between different observations of maximum plume height for the same eruption. A comparison of maximum daily height estimates of volcanic clouds over Indonesia and Papua New Guinea during 1982–2005 shows marked differences between ground and satellite estimates, and a general tendency towards lower height estimates from the ground. Without improvements in the quality of these estimates, reconciled among all available methods, warning systems will be less effective than they should be and the world's record of global volcanism will remain hard to quantify. Examination of particular cases suggests many possible reasons for the discrepancies. Consideration of the satellite and radar cloud observations for the 1991 Pinatubo eruptions shows that marked differences can exist even with apparently good observations. The problem can be understood largely as a sampling issue, as the most widely reported parameter, the maximum cloud height, is highly sensitive to the frequency of observation. Satellite and radar cloud heights also show a pronounced clumping near the height of the tropopause and relative lack of eruptions reaching only the mid-troposphere, reinforcing the importance of the tropopause in determining the eruption height in convectively unstable environments. To reduce the discrepancies between ground and satellite estimates, a number of formal collaboration measures between vulcanological, meteorological and aviation agencies are suggested.  相似文献   

Transport and sedimentation dynamics of transitional explosive eruption columns: The example of the 800 BP Quilotoa plinian eruption (Ecuador)     

A. Di Muro  M. Rosi  E. Aguilera  R. Barbieri  G. Massa  F. Mundula  F. Pieri 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008,174(4):307-324

Impact of large-scale explosive eruptions largely depends on the dynamics of transport, dispersal and deposition of ash by the convective system. In fully convective eruptive columns, ejected gases and particles emitted at the vent are vertically injected into the atmosphere by a narrow, buoyant column and then dispersed by atmosphere dynamics on a regional scale. In fully collapsing explosive eruptions, ash partly generated by secondary fragmentation is carried and dispersed by broad co-ignimbrite columns ascending above pyroclastic currents. In this paper, we investigate the transport and dispersion dynamics of ash and lapillis during a transitional plinian eruption in which both plinian and co-ignimbrite columns coexisted and interacted. The 800 BP eruptive cycle of Quilotoa volcano (Ecuador) produced a well-exposed tephra sequence. Our study shows that the sequence was accumulated by a variety of eruptive dynamics, ranging from early small phreatic explosions, to sustained magmatic plinian eruptions, to late phreatomagmatic explosive pulses. The eruptive style of the main 800 BP plinian eruption (U1) progressively evolved from an early fully convective column (plinian fall bed), to a late fully collapsing fountain (dense density currents) passing through an intermediate transitional eruptive phase (fall + syn-plinian dilute density currents). In the transitional U1 regime, height of the convective plinian column and volume and runout of the contemporaneous pyroclastic density currents generated by partial collapses were inversely correlated. The convective system originated from merging of co-plinian and co-surge contributions. This hybrid column dispersed a bimodal lapilli and ash-fall bed whose grain size markedly differs from that of classic fall deposits accumulated by fully convective plinian columns. Sedimentological analysis suggests that ash dispersion during transitional eruptions is affected by early aggregation of dry particle clusters.  相似文献   

粉煤灰改良膨胀土试验研究     

查甫生  刘松玉  杜延军 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z1):549-554

研究掺粉煤灰对合肥膨胀土的物理性质指标以及胀缩性指标等的影响,探讨利用粉煤灰改良膨胀土的措施与效果。试验研究结果表明,在膨胀土中掺入适量的粉煤灰可有效降低膨胀土的塑性指数、降低膨胀势、减小线缩率与降低活性。在膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰还可改变膨胀土的击实特性,一定击实功作用下,随着掺灰率的增加,土体的最优含水率与最大干密度均减小,膨胀土中掺入粉煤灰后,膨胀土可在较小的含水率下通过击实或压实达到稳定。掺灰膨胀土的膨胀量与膨胀力随养护龄期的增长而减小;没有经过养护的掺灰土,其无侧限抗压强度随掺灰率的变化几乎没有变化,经过7 d养护后,土的无侧限抗压强度有所增长,并且存在一个峰值点,合肥膨胀土的无侧限抗压强度所对应的最佳掺粉煤灰率约为15 %～20 %。  相似文献   

利用粉煤灰制备多孔氧化硅的实验   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

李贺香  马鸿文  王芳  王英滨 《现代地质》2006,20(3):399-404

利用相分离原理,以粉煤灰经硅铝分离后所得的硅酸凝胶为原料,选用聚乙烯醇为造孔剂,硝酸为催化剂,成功地制备了多孔氧化硅。实验结果表明:制备的多孔氧化硅的孔道发育良好,含有三级孔道。扫描电镜分析显示:大孔孔径为1～2 μm,比表面积为12.03 m²/g,这与实际应用的硅藻土助滤剂制品大致相当。对实验制品在啤酒液中的稳定性实验结果显示:多孔氧化硅制品在浸泡于啤酒过程中几乎没有Ca²⁺、Fe³⁺离子溶出,浸泡后的啤酒液的pH值基本不变。上述结果表明:实验制备的多孔氧化硅制品作为硅藻土助滤剂的替代品具有良好的实际应用前景。  相似文献