不同区域海温异常对中国夏季旱涝影响的诊断研究和预测试验   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

王蕾  张人禾 《大气科学》2006,30(6):1147-1159

利用季降水异常的典型集合相关预测模式, 研究了前期和同期不同季节全球海表温度距平场与中国夏季旱涝的遥相关分布特征以及这种相关型随季节的变化, 揭示了全球海温的异常变化在中国夏季旱涝中的信号特征.研究表明, 全球不同区域海温对我国夏季降水的影响存在着明显的季节差异.全球特定的海温分布可以作为中国夏季旱涝预报的信号因子.选取不同区域及不同时段的海温场作为因子场分别对1998、 1999年这两个典型年份的我国夏季降水进行了诊断研究和预测试验, 并通过不同区域海温的影响权重做集成预测.试验结果表明:不同区域海温的集成预测不仅可以有效地提高预测的准确性, 而且可以揭示不同时段不同区域海温的异常变化在夏季旱涝中的强信号现象.  相似文献   

Study of indices for drought characterization in KBK districts in Orissa (India)     

R. P. Pandey  B. B. Dash  S. K. Mishra  Ranvir Singh 《水文研究》2008,22(12):1895-1907

Drought is a temporary, random and regional climatic phenomenon, originating due to lack of precipitation leading to water deficit and causing economic loss. Success in drought alleviation depends on how well droughts are defined and their severity quantified. A quantitative definition identifies the beginning, end, spatial extent and the severity of drought. Among the available indices, no single index is capable of fully describing all the physical characteristics of drought. Therefore, in most cases it is useful and necessary to consider several indices, examine their sensitivity and accuracy, and investigate for correlation among them. In this study, the geographical information system‐based Spatial and Time Series Information Modeling (SPATSIM) and Daily Water Resources Assessment Modeling (DWRAM) software were used for drought analysis on monthly and daily bases respectively and its spatial distribution in both dry and wet years. SPATSIM utilizes standardized precipitation index (SPI), effective drought index (EDI), deciles index and departure from long‐term mean and median; and DWRAM employs only EDI. The analysis of data from the Kalahandi and Nuapada districts of Orissa (India) revealed that (a) droughts in this region occurred with a frequency of once in every 3 to 4 years, (b) droughts occurred in the year when the ratio of annual rainfall to potential evapotranspiration (Pae/PET) was less than 0·6, (c) EDI better represented the droughts in the area than any other index; (d) all SPI, EDI and annual deviation from the mean showed a similar trend of drought severity. The comparison of all indices and results of analysis led to several useful and pragmatic inferences in understanding the drought attributes of the study area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

不同养殖模式虾池弧菌对抗菌药物的耐药性与虾池水质评价     

张瑜斌  章虹  柯盛  章洁香 《广东海洋大学学报》2007,27(1):42-47

研究了湛江东海岛3种不同养殖模式虾池弧菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,并对虾池水域环境的水温、盐度、DO、pH、叶绿素a、DOC、无机氮、无机磷、硅酸盐、细菌总数和弧菌数量变化进行了监测和评价。结果表明,调查的三个虾池的弧菌对万古霉素产生耐药性,高位新池和传统精养池的弧菌对利福平产生耐药性,对其他抗菌药尚未形成耐性,3个虾池的弧菌对恩诺沙星和氯霉素高度敏感,传统精养池和天然虾池的弧菌对复方新诺明、庆大霉素、TMP和环丙沙星高度敏感;在水平差异上,高位新池的弧菌比传统精养池和天然虾池对12种抗菌药更具耐药性,同时多重耐药菌株在高位新池中出现,可能与虾苗来源和配合饲料中添加了抗菌药物有关。水质监测结果表明,养殖过程中,虾池水域环境逐渐富营养化,无机氮和Chla超过富营养化阈值,细菌总数增加;两个精养池的水体富营养化程度高于天然虾池;调查期间的弧菌数量在对虾发病的感染剂量阈值范围之内,尚无弧菌病害发生的潜在危险。  相似文献   

Antimony in the environment: A review focused on natural waters. III. Microbiota relevant interactions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Montserrat Filella  Nelson Belzile  Marie-Claire Lett 《Earth》2007,80(3-4):195-217

Antimony is ubiquitously present in the environment as a result of natural processes and human activities. Antimony is not considered to be an essential element for plants or animals. In this third review paper on the occurrence of antimony in natural waters, the interactions of antimony with microbiota are discussed in relation to its fate in natural waters. This paper covers the following aspects: occurrence in microbiota, uptake transport mechanisms, pathways of Sb(III) removal from cells involved in antimony tolerance, oxidation and reduction of antimony by living organisms, phytochelatin induction and biomethylation. This review is based on a careful and systematic examination of a comprehensive collection of papers on the above mentioned aspects of the subject. All data are quoted from the original sources. Relatively little existing information falls within the strict scope of this review and, when relevant, discussion on the interactions of antimony with reference microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and different protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, has been included.  相似文献   

Fast imaging and inversion of on and off shore electromagnetic data     

B.Sh. Singer  E.B. Fainberg 《Tectonophysics》2007,445(1-2):81

We consider thin layer algorithms for inversion of electromagnetic data acquired on large experimental grids. These algorithms do not involve targeted search of the model parameters. Instead, they determine an integrated characteristic of the model, i.e. heterogeneous conductance or transverse resistance, using a filtration technique developed for thin layer models, which adequately represent the geo-electric situation by a sequence of laterally homogeneous and heterogeneous layers. The corresponding filter reflects impedance/admittance relations between different components of the electromagnetic field in the stratified part of the model. Convolution of such filters with the data obtained from experimental measurements represents the most time consuming part of the computation. The convolution is carried out using a high performance algorithm, which makes the process of inversion extremely fast. The choice of a particular inversion algorithm is dictated by the specific geo-electric situation in the area of interest and the electromagnetic data subject to interpretation. Typically, most computations can be carried out in up to several minutes using a regular desktop or laptop PC.We restrict our consideration to two simplest algorithms for determination of the conductance of heterogeneous conductive layers (S-algorithm) and the transverse resistance of heterogeneous resistive layer (T-algorithm). The algorithms can be useful for interpretation of data acquired in on- and off-shore conditions with natural and controlled sources. Inversion can be jointly carried out for data sets collected for different source locations, at different frequencies, etc. Likewise, the algorithms can be used for interpreting the data collected using a moving source.Performance of the algorithms is demonstrated on a set of test inversions of numerically simulated data sets. The first group of the examples is typical for environmental applications. It is studied using the S-algorithm applied to natural and controlled source measurements for shallow and deep targets. The T-algorithm is applied for delineation of a gas hydrate type of reservoir using the data numerically simulated for such a problem.In geo-electrical situations that can be addressed using thin layer models, results of inversion hardly require any further elaboration. For instance, this happens when parameters of the heterogeneous layer satisfy thin layer conditions and its thickness can be determined from seismic measurements. When this is not the case, the model found by a thin layer inversion usually reveals correct location of the anomalous body and provides reasonable estimate of its integrated electric properties. In such situations the algorithm works as an imaging technique, which together with seismic information on the layer boundaries provides a justified initial model for a full scale 3D inversion and hopefully allows for avoiding pitfalls associated with a straightforward application of more traditional 3D inversion algorithms.  相似文献   

昆明人民胜利堂结构抗震改造设计研究     

高秀珍 《世界地震工程》2007,23(3):147-151

昆明人民胜利堂为钢筋混凝土、砖砌体及木结构混合而成的结构型式，其抗震改造设计较为复杂。简述了该结构抗震改造设计施工中的若干问题，以及解决这些问题所采取的相应措施。  相似文献   

复杂土壤深井接地电阻的计算方法   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

刘任翔  许伟彬 《气象研究与应用》2007,28(4):58-61

以一种较为简单可行的计算方法,对移动通信基站在复杂土壤环境下的深井接地进行了设计计算尝试,并通过对三水某新建移动通信基站接地工程前期设计与施工实测值的比较,验证了该设计计算方法的可行性。  相似文献   

吕梁市干旱规律分析     

李利平  杜月辉  李月连  申建华  刘凤梅 《山西气象》2007,(4):18-19

本文通过分析1961年～2006年吕梁市自然降水的年、季变化，总结出吕梁市离石区50a平均降水量总趋势是以年代递增依次减少，20世纪60年代为多雨时段，70年代为正常略偏少，80年代为正常略偏多年，90年代为少雨时段，进入2000年以来为特少年代。吕梁市干旱主要在春季。  相似文献   

21世纪前期新疆洪旱灾害防灾减灾对策研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

徐羹慧  陆帼英 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2007,1(5):54-58

洪旱灾害是我国内陆干旱区最主要的自然灾害。本文归纳总结了新疆洪旱灾害的基本特征、近期变化和形成机理;阐述了洪旱灾害近期研究动态和灾害防治的新进展,对新疆洪旱灾防治能力作了简要评估;在以人为本的科学发展观指导下,根据"治水"的新理念和新疆的实际,提出21世纪前期新疆洪旱灾害减灾对策建议。  相似文献   

A Conceptual Framework for Enhancing the Utility of Rainfall Hazard Forecasts for Agriculture in Marginal Environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Muhammad?T.?UsmanEmail author  Emma?Archer  Peter?Johnston  Mark?Tadross 《Natural Hazards》2005,34(1):111-129

Semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas (especially in the tropics) are characterized by high inter-annual and intra-seasonal rainfall variability. Agriculture, which employs the bulk of the rapidly increasing populations, is largely rain-fed, low-input based and highly resource dependent. Recent spates of drought have, therefore, exacerbated the now-too-familiar specter of famine and starvation in these areas with glaring examples being the recurring episodes in sub-Saharan Africa since the great Sahel drought of 1969–1973. A great need for accurate and timely hazard forecast products in aid of agriculture thus exists.Several schemes are currently employed by various agencies around the globe in this direction. There does remain, however, a gap between product provision and user expectations. This paper examines this gap suggesting a five-point framework within which it can be addressed as an action agenda for the climate science community. The paper posits that changes are possible to existing methodologies (related to three of these points), which, within the context of current science, can greatly enhance the utility of forecast products for agriculture in marginal areas. The remaining two points have, however, been identified as requiring additional applied research and necessary pointers for addressing these issues are provided. First is the need for appropriate impact-related indicators for intra-seasonal and interannual rainfall variability that are easy to compute, amenable to forecasting and follow closely the experiences of farmers in marginal areas. The second is a consideration of appropriate forecast information formatting and communication medium that guarantee effective feedback between forecast producers and users. Specific examples of the status quo and of work currently underway are cited from southern Africa – a region currently attracting international attention as a result of recent droughts and the threat of famine.  相似文献