Testing smarter control and feedback with users: Time,temperature and space in household heating preferences and practices in a Living Laboratory     

《Global Environmental Change》2020

Transitioning to more efficient and less carbon-intensive heating is a monumental policy challenge in the United Kingdom. However, very few households in the UK—and perhaps even elsewhere—have actual experience with state-of-the-art smart heating systems that may utilize enhanced control or feedback. Drawing from a unique sample of actual adopters of smart heating, this study closely examines the heating preferences, practices, and profiles of homes when they are given smarter heating systems. The study utilizes qualitative household data from the Energy System Catapult’s Living Laboratory of 100 smart homes in Birmingham (West Midlands), Bridgend (Wales), Manchester (Greater Manchester), and Newcastle (Northumberland). We examine the heating preferences and profiles of participants, with findings inductively organized around the themes of temperature, including tradeoffs between comfort, cost, and value; time, including the utility of heat scheduling; and space, including zonal heating controls. We also discuss patterns of learning, the emergence of environmental values, and issues of discomfort. We conclude by commenting on important distinctions between radiant and ambient heat, as well as between scheduled and on-demand heat. The main findings are 1) tradeoffs between comfort, value and cost occur when it comes to smart heating; 2) people want different numbers of warm hours in their homes at very different times; 3) households chose to heat different numbers of rooms; and 4) there are other non-monetary and non-functional aspects of smart heating that households value.  相似文献   

基于Householder矩阵和Butterworth滤波器组的反馈延迟网络人工混响     

吴礼福  陶明明  申浩  郭业才 《南京气象学院学报》2020,12(5):619-624

针对现有人工混响方法中反馈延迟网络方法存在延迟线的个数选择受限和无法设定子带混响时间的不足,本文设计了一种基于Householder反馈矩阵和Butterworth滤波器组的反馈延迟网络人工混响器.Householder反馈矩阵有助于最大化回声密度,延迟线个数的选择相对自由,Butterworth滤波器组便于设定子带混响时间.仿真实验中分别利用语谱图、语音质量感知评价和主观评价验证了本文方法的有效性.  相似文献   

An Empirical Tropical Instability Wave-induced Wind Stress Model in the Equatorial Pacific and its Incorporation into the Ocean Model     

Yanzhou Wei  Xianbiao Kang  Yuhua Pei 《大气与海洋》2013,51(5):350-361

Abstract

Satellite observations revealed that there is a close relationship between perturbations of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress (τ) induced by tropical instability waves (TIWs; SST_TIW and τ _TIW). Using the empirical relationship observed between TIW-induced wind stress divergence (curl) and downwind (crosswind) SST gradients, this study establishes a TIW-induced wind stress field perturbation model τ _TIW?=?F(SST). This empirical model solves τ _TIW from the TIW-induced wind stress divergence and curl, which are estimated from the downwind and crosswind SST gradients. This empirical τ _TIW?=?F(SST) model can be incorporated into the ocean model to take into account the effect of τ _TIW. By comparing two experiments with and without the τ _TIW effect, this study demonstrates that τ _TIW has a substantial effect on the equatorial Pacific heat budget and induces the long-term mean SST to exhibit a 0.2°C difference, which is consistent with previous studies.  相似文献   

Linking the northern hemisphere sea-ice reduction trend and the quasi-decadal arctic sea-ice oscillation     

J Wang  M Ikeda  S Zhang  R Gerdes 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(2-3):115-130

The nature of the reduction trend and quasi-decadal oscillation in Northern Hemisphere sea-ice extent is investigated. The trend and oscillation that seem to be two separate phenomena have been found in data. This study examines a hypothesis that the Arctic sea-ice reduction trend in the last three decades amplified the quasi-decadal Arctic sea-ice oscillation (ASIO) due to a positive ice/ocean-albedo feedback, based on data analysis and a conceptual model proposed by Ikeda et al. The theoretical, conceptual model predicts that the quasi-decadal oscillation is amplified by the thinning sea-ice, leading to the ASIO, which is driven by the strong positive feedback between the atmosphere and ice-ocean systems. Such oscillation is predicted to be out-of-phase between the Arctic Basin and the Nordic Seas with a phase difference of 3/4, with the Nordic Seas leading the Arctic. The wavelet analysis of the sea ice data reveals that the quasi-decadal ASIO occurred actively since the 1970s following the trend starting in the 1960s (i.e., as sea-ice became thinner and thinner), as the atmosphere experienced quasi-decadal oscillations during the last century. The wavelet analysis also confirms the prediction of such out-of-phase feature between these two basins, which varied from 0.62 in 1960 to 0.25 in 1995. Furthermore, a coupled ice-ocean general circulation model (GCM) was used to simulate two scenarios, one without the greenhouse gas warming and the other having realistic atmospheric forcing along with the warming that leads to sea-ice reduction trend. The quasi-decadal ASIO is excited in the latter case compared to the no-warming case. The wavelet analyses of the simulated ice volume were also conducted to derive decadal ASIO and similar phase relationship between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. An independent data source was used to confirm such decadal oscillation in the upper layer (or freshwater) thickness, which is consistent with the model simulation. A modified feedback loop for the sea-ice trend and ASIO was proposed based on the previous one by Mysak and Venegas and the ice/albedo and cloud/albedo feedabcks, which are responsible for the sea ice reduction trend.  相似文献   

THE DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF METROPOLITAN POPULATION DECONCENTRATION IN THE U.S.     

Peter A. Rogerson 《The Professional geographer》1984,36(3):307-314

Although the recent growth in the nonmetropolitan population of the U.S. is now well documented, little attention has been given to the consequences these trends will have on the future composition and growth of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions. This paper discusses the feedback effects of migration on the future age structure and population growth of both regions during the period 1975–2000.  相似文献   

福田站基坑监控量测信息管理系统的建立与应用     

王昌洪  陈雪丰  王洪战 《测绘信息与工程》2012,37(6):73-75

根据广深港客专福田站超深超宽基坑施工监控量测的需要,应用远程数据通讯技术、数据库技术和GIS技术设计并建立了工程监控量测信息管理管理系统,统计和分析功能提高了监控量测信息的反馈效率,解决了监控量测与施工配合的问题,工程实践表明系统提高了监控量测信息的反馈效率,达到了福田站基坑监控量测信息化管理的需求。  相似文献   

海洋碳循环与全球气候变化相互反馈的研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谭娟  沈新勇  李清泉 《气象研究与应用》2009,30(1):33-36

海洋作为地球上一个主要吸收二氧化碳的汇,储存大量的二氧化碳.海-气间的二氧化碳交换,使得海洋中碳对气候产生反馈作用,从而影响着大气中CO2的浓度,甚至影响到全球气候的变化.本文主要介绍了海洋碳循环的过程,以及海洋碳循环过程对气候的反馈作用.  相似文献   

Development Processes of the Tropical Pacific Meridional Mode     

WU Shu  WU Lixin  LIU Qinyu  Shang-Ping XIE 《大气科学进展》2010,27(1):95-99

Mechanisms for the spatio-temporal development of the Tropical Pacific Meridional Mode(TPMM) are investigated using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and observations.In both observations and the model,this meridional mode displays decadal variations and is most pronounced in spring and early summer.The model simulation suggests that once SST anomalies in the subtropical northeastern Pacific are initiated,say by northeasterly trade wind variability,perturbations evolve into a merdional dipole in 2-3 months.A...  相似文献   

On the Derivation of Input Parameters for Urban Canopy Models from Urban Morphological Datasets   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Alberto Martilli 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,130(2):301-306

Two techniques are analysed to derive mean street width and mean building width from morphological data of real cities: one based on a two-dimensional simplified morphology, and the other based on a three-dimensional regular simplified morphology. For each simplified morphology (two-dimensional and three-dimensional), the sky-view factors (street-to-sky) are computed and compared with the sky-view factors derived from the real morphology for selected districts of three European and two North American cities. The two-dimensional simplified morphology reproduces the real sky-view factors better than the three-dimensional morphology. Since many urban canopy parameterizations represent the city using simplified morphologies, this can be useful information for the derivation of input parameters for urban canopy parameterizations from real morphological data.  相似文献   

舟山近海日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)野生群体与露天养殖越冬群体间的形质差异     

富裕  李鸿鹏  任夙艺  王志铮  林祖好 《海洋与湖沼》2016,47(1):91-98

鉴于舟山沿海日本囊对虾秋苗养殖成活率显著低于春季和夏季人工养殖苗种之实际,深入开展适合于本地沿海养殖的日本囊对虾秋苗的优质亲体的选种研究显得十分必要。为此,作者采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等方法定量研究了舟山近海日本囊对虾野生群体和露天池塘越冬养成群体间的形质特征差异。结果表明:两者在本研究所涉18项形质评价指标中的相似性指数仅为11.11%,欧氏距离为4.243(P0.01);经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达85.27%,其中第1主成分为以营养生理状况指数、额剑上缘锯齿数以及腹部肌肉发达程度为主导的体质强壮因子,第2主成分为以寻食视野与胸腔空间大小为主导的捕食运动功能因子,后3个主成分为以尾节肌肉发达程度为主导的避敌运动功能因子;采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的9项形质评价指标为自变量,所建Fisher分类函数方程组可清晰区分日本囊对虾野生群体和越冬养成群体,其中野生群体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为99.33%和96.13%,越冬养成群体的判别准确率P1、P2分别为96%和99.31%,两者综合判别准确率为97.67%。因此,日本囊对虾秋苗野生亲本形质特征的选择,应以秋苗越冬养成群体为参照。  相似文献