Jacobian matrix for near-infrared remote sensing based on vector radiative transfer model     

Bai  Wenguang  Zhang  Peng  Zhang  Wenjian  Li  Jun  Ma  Gang  Qi  Chengli  Liu  Hui 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(9):1353-1365

Due to the polarization effects of the Earth's surface reflection and atmospheric particles' scattering, high-precision retrieval of atmospheric parameters from near-infrared satellite data requires accurate vector atmospheric radiative transfer simulations. This paper presents a near-infrared vector radiative transfer model based on the doubling and adding method. This new model utilizes approximate calculations of the atmospheric transmittance, reflection, and solar scattering radiance for a finitely thin atmospheric layer. To verify its accuracy, the results for four typical scenarios(single molecular layer with Rayleigh scattering, single aerosol layer scattering, multi-layer Rayleigh scattering, and true atmospheric with multi-layer molecular absorption, Rayleigh and aerosol scattering) were compared with benchmarks from a well-known model. The comparison revealed an excellent agreement between the results and the reference data, with accuracy within a few thousandths. Besides, to fulfill the retrieval algorithm, a numerical differentiation-based Jacobian calculation method is developed for the atmospheric and surface parameters. This is coupled with the adding and doubling process for the radiative transfer calculation. The Jacobian matrix produced by the new algorithm is evaluated by comparison with that from the perturbation method. The relative Jacobian matrix deviations between the two methods are within a few thousandths for carbon dioxide and less than 1.0×10~(-3)% for aerosol optical depth. The two methods are consistent for surface albedo, with a deviation below 2.03×10~(-4)%. All validation results suggest that the accuracy of the proposed radiative transfer model is suitable for inversion applications. This model exhibits the potential for simulating near-infrared measurements of greenhouse gas monitoring instruments.  相似文献   

Main active faults and seismic activity along the Yangtze River Economic Belt: Based on remote sensing geological survey     

《China Geology》2020,3(2):314-338

The Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) spans three terrain steps in China and features diverse topography that is characterized by significant differences in geological structure and present-day crustal deformation. Active faults and seismic activity are important geological factors for the planning and development of the YREB. In this paper, the spatial distribution and activity of 165 active faults that exist along the YREB have been compiled from previous findings, using both remote-sensing data and geological survey results. The crustal stability of seven particularly noteworthy typical active fault zones and their potential effects on the crustal stability of the urban agglomerations are analyzed. The main active fault zones in the western YREB, together with the neighboring regional active faults, make up an arc fault block region comprising primarily of Sichuan-Yunnan and a “Sichuan-Yunnan arc rotational-shear active tectonic system” strong deformation region that features rotation, shear and extensional deformation. The active faults in the central-eastern YREB, with seven NE-NNE and seven NW-NWW active faults (the “7-longitudinal, 7-horizontal” pattern), macroscopically make up a “chessboard tectonic system” medium-weak deformation region in the geomechanical tectonic system. They are also the main geological constraints for the crustal stability of the YREB.  相似文献   

Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment of the Middle Devonian organic-rich shales in the Northwest of Guizhong Depression,Southwest China     

《China Geology》2020,3(4):567-574

In order to figure out the redox conditions and paleo-sedimentary environment of the Middle Devonian shales in the northwest of Guizhong Depression, the trace element analysis was conducted on the Middle Devonian cores (320.35–938.50 m) of the typical shale gas investigation well (GY-1) at a 1.50 m sampling interval through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). According to the test result, the average values of V/(V+Ni), V/Cr and Ni/Co in Nabiao formation (Fm.) are larger than 0.67, 4.65 and 7.71 respectively, and Nabiao Fm. is rich in biological assemblages such as tabasheer, ammonite, etc. These evidences indicate the rising sea level rose relatively in the sedimentation period of Nabiao Fm. and a deepwater shelf environment, which was favorable for the preservation of organic matters. The V/(V+Ni), V/Cr and Ni/Co in Luofu Fm. and Tangting Fm. are 0.38–0.65, 0.73–4.10 and 3.70–6.72 respectively, indicating that the sea level dropped relatively in their sedimentation period, during which the water bodies became shallow, and the sedimentary environment was a weak oxidizing shallow water shelf environment. In addition, the variation of TOC has a high correlation with the enrichment degree of Ba element, indicating the favorable conditions for the enrichment and preservation of organic matters under an oxygen-deficient environment. Moreover, according to the identification of trace element indexes, the northwest of Guizhong Depression experienced the sedimentary cycle of relative rise to relative fall of sea level from bottom to top in the Middle Devonian sedimentation period. The relative sea level rose to the highest in the sedimentation period of Nabiao Fm., in which the organic-rich shales with stable thickness and high organic content were deposited. Hence, the Nabiao Fm. could be regarded as the favorable exploration target interval in this area.  相似文献   

近断层速度脉冲与震源机制的关系浅析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

罗全波  陈学良  高孟潭  李宗超  李铁飞  张振 《震灾防御技术》2018,13(3):646-661

本文初步分析了近断层速度脉冲的成因和特点，主要包括方向性效应与滑冲效应，并通过中国台湾集集地震的脉冲记录，分析了断层破裂方向和位移大小等震源参数对脉冲强度的影响。此外，基于有限移动源理论，说明了断层辐射与速度脉冲分布的关系，并探讨了利用运动学震源模型研究近断层地震动对速度脉冲影响的技术路线；评述了7种典型的等效速度脉冲模型，建议进一步研究等效速度脉冲函数与震源机制之间的关系。最后，简述了不同类型的断层引起速度脉冲的差异，并推测了产生脉冲型地震动的下限条件，同时展望该研究在地震预警方面的可能性。  相似文献   

风和径流量对长江口缺氧影响的数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郑静静  刘桂梅  高姗  李云  李志杰 《海洋学报》2018,40(9):1-17

受自然和人类活动的影响，海洋缺氧现象日益严重，威胁着海洋生态环境，海洋缺氧问题已经引起了人们的广泛关注。本文应用区域海洋模式并耦合生态模式，对东海的生态系统进行了数值模拟和分析研究。与观测数据比较显示，该模型能较好地模拟长江口外生态变量的分布趋势。另外本文通过设置不同敏感性实验，探讨风和径流量对长江口底层缺氧现象的影响，结果分析表明，风和径流量对长江口外缺氧区的形成有显著的影响。径流量变化虽然对长江口外缺氧区的季节变化影响并不显著，但是对缺氧区域面积却存在显著的影响。径流量增加，水体层化增强，表层叶绿素浓度增加，最终导致缺氧区域范围扩展；径流量减小，水体层化减弱，表层叶绿素浓度减小，缺氧区域范围缩小。风向和风速的改变不仅影响长江口外缺氧区的季节变化，还影响缺氧区域面积。  相似文献   

太原盆地及周边地区双差层析成像   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王长在  吴建平  杨婷  王未来  范莉苹  房立华 《地球物理学报》2018,61(3):963-974

山西断陷带位于鄂尔多斯与华北地块交汇处，是我国著名的历史强震活动带之一，尤其是断陷盆地中部区域，6级以上地震频发.本研究旨在揭示忻定盆地中南部、太原盆地及临汾盆地中北部交汇处的深部结构特征，分析盆地的形成和演化，探讨该区域孕震环境.利用山西地震台网观测数据以及固定地震台站融合流动台站得到的地震数据，共7455个地震事件，采用双差层析成像方法，反演得到了太原盆地及周边地区的三维P波速度结构及精定位结果.层析成像结果显示，忻定盆地、太原盆地的中上地壳为明显的低速异常，被高速的石岭关隆起隔开，深部结构特征相对简单.太原盆地、临汾盆地及灵石隆起之间的深部结构特征较为复杂，反映了两个盆地演化过程的复杂性.穿过忻定盆地的速度剖面显示，在中地壳存在明显的低速异常体，且大部分地震都发生在该低速体上方；穿过太原盆地北部的剖面显示，该区域在20~25 km深度范围内有较密集的地震分布，并勾画出交城断裂呈犁形的断层特征；穿过太原盆地中部的剖面显示，太原盆地自西向东沉积层逐渐减薄；穿过临汾盆地的剖面揭示，汾东断裂在浅部倾角较陡，随深度增加倾角逐渐变小，倾向向东.  相似文献   

“6·23”江苏阜宁EF4级龙卷超级单体风暴中尺度结构研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

周海光 《地球物理学报》2018,61(9):3617-3639

2016年6月23日14—15时，江苏省阜宁县突遭"增强藤田"4级龙卷、强风、短时强降水和冰雹等强对流天气，致使99人罹难，800多人受伤，属极其罕见的极端天气事件.本文利用加密自动站数据、探空数据、单部雷达观测数据以及双多普勒雷达三维风场反演数据，研究了此次龙卷发生的天气背景、龙卷超级单体的三维结构及其演变特征.研究表明：（1）龙卷发生期间，阜宁处于地面暖湿舌内、地面有γ中尺度气旋和辐合线；环境大气抬升凝结高度很低、中低层有很强的水平风的垂直切变；这有利于龙卷的生成.（2）此次龙卷超级单体左移风暴的低层有钩状回波和入流缺口，有界弱回波区位于垂直剖面中低层、悬垂回波位于风暴前部高层.（3）龙卷发生前，风暴质心高度、最大反射率因子高度和风暴回波顶高度均持续增加，风暴垂直累积液态含水量激增；龙卷发生在上述参数的数值首次同时减小时.（4）双多普勒雷达反演的三维风场揭示，超级单体形成之前的对流风暴内部中低层已经有中尺度气旋形成，中尺度气旋伴随着超级单体的生成、发展和强化的各个阶段.中尺度气旋位于钩状回波顶端、其南端有反气旋，此涡旋偶对于中层动量下传、龙卷生成、发展、加强和触地具有重要作用.  相似文献   

联合概率法在合并相邻台网地震目录中的应用:以2014年鲁甸序列为例          下载免费PDF全文

龙锋  蒋长胜  祁玉萍  刘自凤  傅莺 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):2815-2827

中国目前实行的区域地震台网独立运行机制，使得在相邻不同台网的交界地区可能存在多个版本的地震目录和震相观测报告，影响了地震活动性分析与研究.为此，本文提出了一种基于联合概率的方法，可标明两个或多个相邻台网目录中相同的事件，合并它们的震相数据开展重新定位，并重构不同台网交界地区的统一地震目录.该方法的思路与分析步骤是：首先，计算获得不同台网之间具有最小发震时刻差异的两两地震的时空强差异分布，查找并剔除独立地震，计算事件合并的联合概率；其次，基于联合概率分析合并不同台网的地震目录和震相观测报告，对合并事件进行重新定位和定位误差分析，并基于G-R关系检验重构目录的完整性.本文以2014年鲁甸地震序列为例的初步应用结果显示，震相合并之后的地震定位精度相比之前单个台网的结果，特别是相比四川台网的目录，定位精度提高非常显著，合并后的目录与之前相对完整的云南目录接近，但相比由两个台网目录简单拼凑而成的目录更加准确.此外，研究还发现在目录合并过程中，对于4级以上的中强震，应选择M_S而不是以M_L震级标度；震相合并后被复用台站记录的到时信息可用于检测不同台网间的震相拾取是否存在系统偏差.本文提出的方法使得在相邻不同台网的过渡区形成一个统一且尽可能准确可靠的地震目录成为可能.  相似文献   

Moment Magnitude and Its Calculation     

Chen Yuntai  Liu Ruifeng 《中国地震研究》2018,32(4):447-455

In this paper, we give a brief introduction to the proposal and development history of the earthquake magnitude concept. Moment magnitude M_W is the best physical quantity for measuring earthquakes. Compared with other magnitude scales used traditionally, moment magnitude is not saturated for all earthquakes, regardless of big and small earthquakes, deep and shallow earthquakes, far field and near field seismic data, geodetic and geological data, moment magnitude can be measured, and can be connected with well-known magnitude scales such as surface wave magnitude M_S. Moment magnitude is a uniform magnitude scale, which is suitable for statistics with wide magnitude range. Moment magnitude is the preferred magnitude selected by the International Seismological community, and it is preferred by the departments responsible for publishing seismic information to the public.Moment magnitude is a uniform magnitude scale, which is suitable for statistics with wide magnitude range. Moment magnitude is a preferred magnitude for international seismology, it is preferred by the agency responsible for providing information about earthquakes to the public. We provide all formulas used in the calculation of moment magnitude, and the calculation steps in detail. We also analyzed some problems and rules to solve these problems by using different formulas and numerical value calculation steps.  相似文献   

全球M_S≥8.0地震和中国大陆M_S≥7.0地震发生与地球自转速率变化的关系          下载免费PDF全文

陈学忠  李艳娥  王恒信  王生文  隗永刚  郭祥云  陈丽娟 《地震科学进展》2018,(4):39-47

利用1963—2017年间中国大陆地区29次M_S≥7.0地震和全球范围内42次M_S≥8.0地震资料，根据地球自转速率季节性变化计算了它们的相位角，分析了它们的相位角分布，利用统计检验方法对它们与地球自转季节性变化之间的关系进行了检验。结果是:中国大陆地区M_S≥7.0地震，约81%的地震发生在地球自转速度季节性变化加速初期和高值点附近-减速初期，在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。全球范围发生的M_S≥8.0地震，约68%的地震发生在地球自转速度季节性变化低值点附近，在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。   相似文献