Nonuniform friction as a physical basis for earthquake mechanics   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Amos Nur 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):964-989

A review of simple models and observations suggests that the main first-order features of active faulting-mechanical instability, the frequency-magnitude relations, seismic and aseismie slip, seismic radiation, incoherency and rupture stoppage — may be explained by a single characteristic of crustal faults: the spatial variation of the effective frictional stress, which resists slippage on faults. Faultoffset data suggest that rupture propagation ceases in regions of high resistance which act, as barriers. In these regions slippage is associated with negative stress drop. The spacing and the amplitudeA() of the barriers, as inferred from the frequency-magnitude and moment relation for earthquakes, obeys a simple statistical relationA()^p. On the scale of particle motion, this variability of frictional stress provides a mechanical instability which may be associated with the concept of dynamic friction. Invariably, the rapid particle motion in the model is always preceded by accelerated creep. The particle acceleration is highly irregular, giving rise to an almost random acceleration record on the fault. The particle displacement is relatively smooth, giving rise to simple displacement time function in the far field. Rupture propagation time is approximately proportional to the gradient of frictional stress along the fault. Consequently sharp changes of this stress may cause multiple events and other long period irregularities in the fault motion.The power density spectrum associated with the frictional stress implies that stress may be related to a Poisson distribution of lengths. The autocorrelation of such type of distribution yields a correlation lengthk _L ^–1 , similar perhaps toHaskell's (1964) andAki's (1967) correlation lengths inferred from spectral analysis of seismic waves. The partial incoherency of faulting implies that preseismic deformation may be significantly incoherent, consequently the prediction of small moderate earthquakes may be subject to inherent uncertainties. We conclude that frictional stress heterogeneities may be necessary and sufficient to explain active faulting associated with small and moderate earthquakes.  相似文献   

Estimation of flow resistance in gravel-bedded rivers: A physical explanation of the multiplier of roughness length     

N. J. Clifford  A. Robert  K. S. Richards 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(2):111-126

The need to estimate velocity and discharge indirectly in gravel-bedded rivers is a commonly-encountered problem. Semilogarithmic friction equations are used to estimate mean velocity using a friction factor obtained from depth and grain size information. Although such equations have a semi-theoretical basis, in natural gravel-bed channels, an empirical constant (6.8 or 3.5) has to be introduced to scale-up the characteristic grain size (D₅₀ or D₈₄) to represent the effective roughness length. In this paper, two contrasting approaches are used to suggest that the multiplier of characteristic grain size is attributable to the effect of small-scale form resistance, reflecting the occurrence of microtopographic bedforms in gravel-bedded environments. First, spatial elevation dependence in short, detailed bed profiles from a single gravel-bedded river is investigated using semivariogram and zero-crossing analyses. This leads to objective identification of two discrete scales of bed roughness, associated with grain and microtopographic roughness elements. Second, the autocorrelation structure of the three-dimensional near-bed velocity field is examined to identify regularities associated with eddy shedding and energy losses from larger grains and microtopographic bedforms. Apart from improving the capacity to determine friction factors for velocity and discharge estimation, the findings have implications in general for the initial motion of gravelly bed material.  相似文献   

Electric currents along earthquake faults and the magnetization of pseudotachylite veins   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

Friedemann Freund  Manuel A. Salgueiro da Silva  Bobby W.S. Lau  Akihiro Takeuchi  Hollis H. Jones 《Tectonophysics》2007,431(1-4):131

Pseudotachylites occur in the form of thin glassy veins quenched from frictional melts along the fault planes of major earthquakes. They contain finely grained magnetite and often exhibit a high natural remanent magnetization (NRM). High NRM values imply strong local electric currents. These currents must persist for some time, while the pseudotachylite veins cool through the Curie temperature of magnetite around 580 °C. There is no generally accepted theory explaining how such powerful, persistent currents may be generated along the fault plane. Data presented here suggest the activation of electronic charge carriers, which are present in igneous rocks in a dormant, inactive form. These charge carriers can be “awakened” by the application of stress. They are electrons and defect electrons, also known as positive holes or p-holes for short. While p-holes are capable of spreading out of the stressed rock volume into adjacent p-type conductive unstressed rocks, electrons require a connection to the hot, n-type conductive lower crust. However, as long as the (downward) electron flow is not connected, the circuit is not closed. Hence, with the outflow of p-holes impeded, no current can be sustained. This situation is comparable to that of a charged battery where one pole remains unconnected. The friction melt that forms coseismically during rupture, provides a conductive path downward, which closes the circuit. This allows a current to flow along the fault plane. Extrapolating from laboratory data, every km³ of stressed igneous rocks adjacent to the fault plane can deliver 10³–10⁵ A. Hence, the current along the fault plane will not be limited by the number of charge carriers but more likely by the (electronic) conductivity of the cooling pseudotachylite vein. The sheet current will produce a magnetic field, whose vectors will lie in the fault plane and perpendicular to the flow direction.  相似文献   

基于数值流形法的反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏分析     

王欢欢  郭明珠 《震灾防御技术》2021,16(2):346-351

边坡破坏是累积性过程，从变形到破坏的过程中会产生永久位移，如果永久位移过大，极有可能产生滑坡。因此根据不同工况下采集到的位移数据，分析地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡在不同内摩擦角下的破坏特征。利用二维数值流形法（NMM），以青藏高原金沙江流域西藏昌都地区芒康县索多西乡贡扎倾倒滑坡为研究对象，依据实地考察数据及室内力学试验得到的物理力学参数，建立数值计算模型，模拟地震作用下反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏过程，并在边坡上布置3组监测点获取位移数据。模拟结果表明:随着内摩擦角的增大，边坡坡体从开始破坏到新的平衡状态和达到最大位移所需的时间越短，同时，滑动块体最大水平位移逐渐减小；内摩擦角＜40°时，坡体在前15 s呈整体移动趋势，大部分岩块产生整体滑移，靠近坡顶处的岩块发生轻微转动，推动前面的岩块加速滑动，呈倾倒-滑移模式；内摩擦角＞40°时，靠近坡顶的岩块首先产生滑动，并转动驱使前面的岩块，推动坡脚处岩块产生滑动，最终上部岩块达到新的平衡，呈渐进式倾倒破坏，产生整体性破坏的可能性较小。  相似文献   

The micromechanics of friction in a granular layer   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Charles G. Sammis  Sandra J. Steacy 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1994,142(3-4):777-794

A grain bridge model is used to provide a physical interpretation of the rate- and state-dependent friction parameters for the simple shear of a granular layer. This model differs from the simpler asperity model in that it recognizes the difference between the fracture of a grain and the fracture of an adhesion between grains, and it explicitly accounts for dilation in the granular layer. The model provides an explanation for the observed differences in the friction of granular layers deformed between rough surfaces and those deformed between smooth surfaces and for the evolution of the friction parameters with displacement. The observed evolution from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening with displacement is interpreted as being due to the change in the micromechanics of strain accommodation from grain crushing to slip between adjacent grains; this change is associated with the observed evolution of a fractal grain structure.  相似文献   

Linear and non-linear approaches to predict the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of overland flow using the extreme learning machine approach     

Kiyoumars Roushangar  Saba Mirza Alipour  Dominique Mouaze 《国际泥沙研究》2018,33(4):415-432

In modeling of overland flow and erosion, the overland flow friction factor (f), is a crucial factor. Due to the importance of a good understanding of f and its variability, the current study aimed to investigate the capability of non-linear approaches to estimate the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor of overland flow and its components (sediment transport, wave, form, and grain friction factors) through the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) approach. Four datasets were used herein which were obtained from flume experiments done by different researchers. In order to investigate the effects of different parameters on the friction factor, numerous models consisting of various parameters were utilized to predict the friction factor using the ELM approach. The modeling procedure was established in two stages; the first stage aimed to model the overland flow friction factor and investigate the effect of the different parameters on the friction factor using non-linear separation via the ELM approach. In the second stage, the friction factor was linearly separated into different types of friction factors and then the separate components were estimated. Sensitivity analysis results confirmed the key role of Froude number (Fr) values for most of the models. On the other hand, the results obtained for estimated values of the friction factor were acceptable and outperformed available empirical approaches.  相似文献   

Revisited Vanoni-Brooks sidewall correction     

Nian-Sheng CHENG  Assoc.Prof 《国际泥沙研究》2011,(4):524-528

The evaluation of the sidewall friction could be inconvenient in the implement of the Vanoni-Brooks sidewall correction procedure.Using the Colebrook-White equation and Nikuradse’s pipe friction data,two explicit formulae are developed in this note for finding the sidewall friction factor.They are applicable for various sidewalls that are either hydrodynamically-smooth or rough,or in the transitional regime.  相似文献   

地震强度分布不均匀性的摩擦时间依从CA模型   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

刘桂萍  傅征祥 《地震》2001,21(2):22-28

设计一个摩擦时间依从的地震活动性细胞自动机模型（CA），研究产生地震累积频度-震级关系曲线中，出现拐点的地震强度分布不均匀现象的物理原因。外界通过应力加载向模型输入能量，模型的细胞之间存在非线性的相互作用。对比分析规定单个细胞破裂与模型地震之间不同的决定规则时产生的地震序列的累积频度-震级关系，研究结果表明，地震的级联破裂方式是引起累积频度-震级关系在震级较低范围和震级较高范围之间不连续的因素之一。  相似文献   

热带西太平洋海气交换系数订正          下载免费PDF全文

曲维政  李若钝 《应用气象学报》1993,4(2):218-225

在计算海-气感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量时，因气象要素的测量高度不一致而带来的热交换系数cT、蒸发系数cE和摩擦系数 cυ的偏差，给计算结果带来一定的影响。文章介绍一种高度订正方法，对cT、cE、cυ的值加以订正，从而提高了计算准确性。计算结果表明，系数订正后的误差可减小9%—11%。  相似文献   

双轴压缩下组合裂纹的动态扩张实验研究     

卿新林  宋锦良  冯德益  蒋淳 《地震工程学报》1994,16(1):27-32

本文运用动态光弹性技术，实验研究了几种与地震孕育构造背景相近的组合裂纹在双轴压缩下的扩展规律，对裂纹扩展路径、稳定性作了分析，并与单轴压缩情况进行了对比，同时还研究了摩擦力对裂纹扩展的影响。通过上述研究，得出了压剪应力场中裂纹稳定扩展等结论。  相似文献