Variability Of The Stable And Unstable Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Height And Its Scales Over A Boreal Forest   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

S. M. Joffre  M. Kangas  M. Heikinheimo  S. A. Kitaigorodskii 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(3):429-450

Radiosondes releases during the NOPEX-WINTEX experiment carried out in late winter in Northern Finland were analysed for the determination of the height h of the atmospheric boundary layer. We investigate various possible scaling approaches, based on length scales using micrometeorological turbulence surface measurements and the background atmospheric stratification above h. Under stable conditions, the three previously observed turbulence regimes delineated by values of z/L (L is the Obukhov length) appears as a blueprint for understanding the departures found for the suitability of the Ekman scaling based on L_E = u_/f (u is the friction velocity and f the Coriolis parameter). The length scale L_N = u_/N (where N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency) appears to be a useful scale under most stable conditions, especially in association with L. Under unstable conditions, shear production of turbulence is still significant, so that the three scales L, L_N and L_E are again relevant and the dimensionless ratios _N = L_N/L and L_N/L_E = N/f describe well the WINTEX data. Furthermore, in the classical scaling framework, the unstable domain may also be divided into three regimes as reflected by the dependence ofu_/f on instability (z/L).  相似文献   

基于Dieterich地震发生率模型分析前震成因的力学机制          下载免费PDF全文

尚园程  史保平 《地球物理学报》1954,63(9):3355-3369

前震是地震前兆观测中的一个重要物理量,前震的研究对地震预测的发展尤为重要,前震序列的典型特征包括加速发生的小震与古登堡-里克特定律（Gutenberg-Richter Law）中的b值变小.本文在Dieterich提出的地震发生率模型的基础上,探讨前震发生的力学成因机制及前震-主震-余震时域演化特征.模型分析结果表明,前震震源区断层及其断层周边剪应力加载速率的变化可能是前震发生及地震发生率变化的一个关键原因.由于前震震源区次级断层之间剪应力加载速率受来自主震成核过程中断层自加速滑移的影响升高,从而可导致这些次级断裂的加速失稳,即加速前震的发生.当震源区内由前震所产生的静态应力扰动不可忽略时,应力扰动和主震成核的共同作用也可对后续前震发生率产生影响.当正向应力扰动出现时,后续的前震序列的地震发生率会出现陡增,随后其地震发生率逐渐下降.而当负向应力扰动出现时,地震发生率会出现陡降,然后再次逐渐上升.基于Kostrov模型,本文得到了剪应力加载速率与古登堡-里克特定律中b值的关系式,结果表明前震序列中b值的减小与前震区内的剪应力加载速率的上升有关.  相似文献   

Earthquake aftereffects and triggered seismic phenomena   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

James R. Rice  Ji-cheng Gu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1983,121(2):187-219

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Coulomb constitutive laws for friction: Contrasts in frictional behavior for distributed and localized shear   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Chris Marone  B. E. Hobbs  A. Ord 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(2):195-214

We describe slip-rate dependent friction laws based on the Coulomb failure criteria. Frictional rate dependence is attributed to a rate dependence of cohesionc and friction angle . We show that differences in the stress states developed during sliding result in different Coulomb friction laws for distributed shear within a thick gouge layer versus localized shear within a narrow shear band or between bare rock surfaces. For shear within gouge, shear strength is given by =c cos + _n sin, whereas for shear between bare rock surfaces the shear strength is =c cos + _n tan, where and _n are shear and normal stress, respectively. In the context of rate-dependent Coulomb friction laws, these differences mean that for a given material and rate dependence of the Coulomb parameters, pervasive shear may exhibit velocity strengthening frictional behavior while localized shear exhibits velocity weakening behavior. We derive from experimental data the slip-rate dependence and evolution ofc and for distributed and localized shear. The data show a positive rate dependence for distributed shear and a negative rate dependence for localized shear, indicating that the rate dependence ofc and are not the same for distributed and localized shear, even after accounting for differences in stress state. Our analysis is consistent with the well-known association of instability with shear localization in simulated fault gouge and the observation that bare rock surfaces exhibit predominantly velocity weakening frictional behavior whereas simulated fault gouge exhibits velocity strengthening followed by a transition to velocity weakening with increasing displacement. Natural faults also exhibit displacement dependent frictional behavior and thus the results may prove useful in understanding the seismic evolution of faulting.  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of Earthquake Nucleation Process and Seismic Precursors on Faults   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

He Changrong 《中国地震研究》2000,14(3):199-212

To understand precursory phenomena before seismic fault sliP,this work focuses onearthquake nucleation process on a fault plane through numerical simulation.Rate and statedependent friction law with variable normal stress is employed in the analysis.The resultsshow that in the late stage of nucleation process:(1)The maximum slip velocity ismonotonically accelerating;(2)The slipping hot spot(where the slip rate is maximum)migrates spontaneously from a certain instant,and such migration is spatially continuous;(3)When the maximum velocity reaches a detectable order of magnitude(at least one orderof magnitude greater than the loading rate),the remaining time is 20 hours or longer,andthe temporal variation of slip velocity beyond this point may be used as a precursoryindicator;(4)The average slip velocity is related to the remaining time by a log-log linearrelation,which means that a similar relation between rate of microseismicity and remainingtime may also exist;(5)when normal stress variation is taken int  相似文献   

含水粘土断层泥的现场大尺度剪切实验     

许东俊  耿乃光 《地震研究》1991,14(3):293-300

为了研究水分对断层泥抗剪特性的影响,在湖北省当阳县砂岩岩体中的天然断层带上进行了现场大尺度的剪切实验。实验用直剪法进行。试体的尺度为30×50×60cm~3。以含水粘土断层泥的天然断层面为剪切面。剪切面的面积为3000cm~2。先对试体在一个确定的正应力下进行剪断实验,然后继续对它在不同的正应力下进行摩擦实验。实验表明,剪断实验表现为塑性破坏及随后的位移强化现象。摩擦实验的摩擦强度略高于剪切破坏强度。剪切破坏强度方程为:τ=0.03+0.30σ。其中σ为正应力,τ为剪应力。单位均为MPa。  相似文献   

Seismic velocity changes during fracture and frictional sliding     

H. Spetzler 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):732-742

Fracture and frictional sliding are considered as phenomena involving brittle failure. Brittle failure is preceded by the formation of small (subcritical) cracks. In non-water-saturated rock, the distribution, shape and size of these suberitical cracks determine the change in the physical properties prior to failure. A model is proposed which suggests that the spatial and temporal distribution, shape and size of subcritical cracks within a stressed rock depend upon the rate of deformation and the volatile content.As a rock is stressed beyond about 50 percent of its ultimate failure stress, dilatancy is initiated. With increasing stress a broad zone of cracks develops within the dilatant region. The seismic velocities through this zone decrease markedly and the cracks grow more numerous., changing in size and shape. Before brittle failure of the rock occurs, the subcritical cracks interact, leading to a concentration of the zone. During the stage when the zone narrows, the seismic velocities in crease in the surrounding volume due to local rotation of stresses and consequent closure of some cracks. In most laboratory experiments the stage during which the velocity increases and the now intense deformation zone becomes narrow is very short and difficult to observe experimentally. At very low strain rates and with volatiles present, the crack growth and subsequent interaction lead to the narrowing of the intense deformation zone and therefore to an observable increase in velocity.The above is based upon an interpretation of a number of experiments. Using optical holography we have observed the development and subsequent intensification of a deformation zone. Ultrasonic velocity measurements showed a distinct anomaly (decrease followed by an increase) before failure. The anomaly was only detectable at our lowest experimental strain rates (3×10^–8/sec).  相似文献   

Aspects of asperity-surface interaction and surface damage of rocks during experimental frictional sliding     

Terry Engelder 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):705-716

Summary Mechanisms for the dissipation of energy during the frictional sliding of rocks includes brittle fracture, plastic deformation, frictional heating, and elastic distortion. The first three energy sinks are manifested by surface damage during frictional sliding. Normal load, temperature, and the velocity of the sliding surfaces as well as surface roughness and hardness all influence the nature of surface damage which includes the generation of structures such as wear grooves, gouge, and welded particles.Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Contribution No. 2620.  相似文献   

Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  

James H. Dieterich 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):790-806

Time-dependent increase of static friction is characteristic of rock friction undera variety of experimental circumstances. Data presented here show an analogous velocity-dependent effect. A theor of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction. Creep at points of contact causes increases in friction that are proportional to the logarithm of the time that the population of points of contact exist. For static friction that time is the time of stationary contact. For sliding friction the time of contact is determined by the critical displacement required to change the population of contacts and the slip velocity. An analysis of a one-dimensional spring and slider system shows that experimental observations establishing the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish are a consequence of time-dependent friction.  相似文献   

Direct bed shear stress measurements in bore-driven swash   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M.P. Barnes  T. O'Donoghue  J.M. Alsina  T.E. Baldock 《Coastal Engineering》2009

Direct measurements of bed shear in the swash zone are presented. The data were obtained using a shear plate in medium and large-scale laboratory bore-driven swash and cover a wide range of bed roughness. Data were obtained across the full width of the swash zone and are contrasted with data from the inner surf zone. Estimates of the flow velocities through the full swash cycle were obtained through numerical modelling and calibrated against measured velocity data. The measured stresses and calculated flow velocities were subsequently used to back-calculate instantaneous local skin friction coefficients using the quadratic drag law. The data show rapid temporal variation of the bed shear stress through the leading edge of the uprush, which is typically two–four times greater than the backwash shear stresses at corresponding flow velocity. The measurements indicate strong temporal variation in the skin friction coefficient, particularly in the backwash. The general behaviour of the skin friction coefficient with Reynolds number is consistent with classical theory for certain stages of the swash cycle. A spatial variation in skin friction coefficient is also identified, which is greatest across the surf-swash boundary and likely related to variations in local turbulent intensities. Skin friction coefficients during the uprush are approximately twice those in the backwash at corresponding Reynolds number and cross-shore location. It is suggested that this is a result of the no-slip condition at the tip leading to a continually developing leading edge and boundary layer, into which high velocity fluid and momentum are constantly injected from the flow behind and above the tip region. Finally, the measured stress data are used to determine the asymmetry and cross-shore variation in potential sediment transport predicted by three forms of sediment transport formulae.  相似文献