Hydroclimatology of the Volta River Basin in West Africa: Trends and variability from 1901 to 2002     

Philip G. Oguntunde  Jan Friesen  Nick van de Giesen 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2006,31(18):1180-1188

Long-term historical records of rainfall (P), runoff (Q) and other climatic factors were used to investigate hydrological variability and trends in the Volta River Basin over the period 1901-2002. Potential (E_p) and actual evaporation (E), rainfall variability index (δ), Budyko’s aridity index (I_A), evaporation ratio (C_E) and runoff ratio (C_Q) were estimated from the available hydroclimatological records. Mann-Kendall trend analysis and non-parametric Sen’s slope estimates were performed on the respective time series variables to detect monotonic trend direction and magnitude of change over time.Rainfall variability index showed that 1968 was the wettest year (δ = +1.75) while 1983 was the driest (δ = −3.03), with the last three decades being drier than any other comparable period in the hydrological history of the Volta. An increase of 0.2 mm/yr² (P < 0.05) was observed in E_p for the 1901-1969 sub-series while an increased of 1.8 mm/yr² (P < 0.01) was recorded since 1970. Rainfall increased at the rate of 0.7 mm/yr² or 49 mm/yr between 1901 and 1969, whereas a decrease of 0.2 mm/yr² (6 mm/yr) was estimated for 1970-2002 sub-series. Runoff increased significantly at the rate of 0.8 mm/yr (23 mm/yr) since 1970. Runoff before dam construction was higher (87.5 mm/yr) and more varied (CV = 41.5%) than the post-dam period with value of 73.5 mm/yr (CV = 23.9%). A 10% relative decrease in P resulted in a 16% decrease in Q between 1936 and 1998. Since 1970, all the months showed increasing runoff trends with significant slopes (P < 0.05) in 9 out of the 12 months. Possible causes, such as climate change and land cover change, on the detected changes in hydroclimatology are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

Evaporation in the Atacama Desert: An empirical study of spatio-temporal variations and their causes   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

John Houston   《Journal of Hydrology》2006,330(3-4):402-412

The Atacama Desert is hyper-arid, and areas where adequate moisture exists for evaporation are spatially highly restricted. Nevertheless, water resources exist and their evaluation requires knowledge of this elusive but important component of the hydrological cycle. Evaporation may occur in four typical areas: rivers and associated riparian zones, localized springs, large playas and extensive areas of bare soil after infrequent precipitation events. Transpiration is locally possible where moisture is sufficiently close to the surface to allow phreatophytes or scarce grass cover to grow, but virtually no information is available for quantification. Pan evaporation data from 11 stations for the period 1977–1991 is analyzed and complemented by analysis of an evaporation study conducted in the Salar de Atacama during 1987/1988. The results show that pan evaporation, and hence maximum potential evaporation may be considered largely a function of maximum temperature and elevation as well as density of the evaporating fluid. Actual evaporation is limited by available moisture and diminishes rapidly as the level of soil moisture saturation drops below the soil surface, extinguishing at ca. 2 m depth. Evaporation is greatest during the summer, but at higher elevations convective cloudiness develops during January and February reducing evaporating rates at a time when significant precipitation may occur. Inter-annual variations in pan evaporation are considerable and weakly correlated with ENSO, but variations in actual evaporation are damped by comparison. Regression equations are developed which have widespread applicability and may be used to estimate evaporation in areas where no site-specific data exists.  相似文献   

华北地区水资源各分量的时空变化特征   总被引：45，自引：5，他引：40  

宋正山  杨辉  张庆云 《高原气象》1999,18(4):552-556

地面实际蒸散发量及降水（Ｐ）是估算水资源各分量的两个重要物理量。本文利用１９５１￣１９９５年各年、月华北地区共２６个气象站的月降水（Ｐ）和月气温（Ｔ）观测资料,依据高浩一郎的陆央实际蒸散发经验公式,计算了华北地区地面蒸发（Ｅ）Ｔ 可利用的降水,即降水减蒸发（Ｐ－Ｅ）等水资源有关的主要物理量,从大气可提供的水部分初步分析了华北地区水的时间和区域变化特征。文中还用其它方法对地面实际蒸发量的估算结果,讨  相似文献   

降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率变化的数学模拟   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

章新平  谢自楚  姚檀栋 《气象学报》1998,56(1):87-95

根据扩散定律和热量平衡理论,运用云物理学模式,对降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率的变化进行了数值模拟,发现降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率的变化除受湿度条件的影响外,还受大气水汽中稳定同位素比率的影响。在非饱和大气中,受蒸发过程的影响,降落雨滴中稳定同位素比率随降落距离而不断增大,空气湿度越小,增大幅度越明显。平均而言,大气湿度与ｄδＤ／ｄδ１８Ｏ和Ｅｘｄ呈正比。ｄδＤ／ｄδ１８Ｏ以８为渐近线,Ｅｘｄ则在高湿和较大半径条件下逐渐趋近于一个常数;在饱和大气中,半径较小的雨滴或在湿度较高的环境中,雨滴中稳定同位素达到平衡的时间较短。反之,达到平衡的时间较长。  相似文献   

Determination of the freshwater budget of tidal flats from measurements near a tidal inlet     

Reiner Onken  Rolf Riethmüller 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

The freshwater budget of a tidal flat area is evaluated from long-term hydrographic time series from an observation pole positioned in a tidal channel in the Hörnum Basin (Germany). For each tidal cycle, the freshwater budget is calculated from the total imported and exported water volumes and the corresponding mean densities. The variability of the budget on a tidal scale is characterised by a period of twice the tidal period, exhibiting a minimum when the tidal flats are dry around daylight hours during the foregoing low tide, and a maximum when low tide occurs at night; enhanced evaporation on the flats at daylight hours is identified as the driving process. On the average over one year, while winter observations are missing, the freshwater budget is negative for the years 2002–2005 and positive only for 2006. The interannual mean is negative and amounts to a freshwater loss of about 2 mm day⁻¹, although the large-scale climate in this region is humid. The results demonstrate that the bulk parametrisations for the latent and sensible heat flux between the ocean and the atmosphere must not be applied for the tidelands.  相似文献   

A review of rainfall interception modelling   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A. Muzylo  P. Llorens  F. Valente  J.J. Keizer  F. Domingo  J.H.C. Gash   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,370(1-4):191-206

This paper is a review of physically-based rainfall interception modelling. Fifteen models were selected, representing distinct concepts of the interception process. Applications of these models to field data sets published before March 2008 are also analysed. We review the theoretical basis of the different models, and give an overview of the models’ characteristics. The review is designed to help with the decision on which model to apply to a specific data set. The most commonly applied models were found to be the original and sparse Gash models (69 cases) and the original and sparse Rutter models (42 cases). The remaining 11 models have received much less attention, but the contribution of the Mulder model should also be acknowledged. The review reveals the need for more modelling of deciduous forest, for progressively more sparse forest and for forest in regions with intensive storms and the consequent high rainfall rates. The present review also highlights drawbacks of previous model applications. Failure to validate models, the few comparative studies, and lack of consideration given to uncertainties in measurements and parameters are the most outstanding drawbacks. Finally, the uncertainties in model input data are rarely taken into account in rainfall interception modelling.  相似文献   

蒸发－风反馈机制的进一步研究   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

李崇银 《热带气象学报》1996,(3):193-199

对蒸发-风反馈的作用进行了简单动力学研究。结果表明,蒸发-风反馈不能像波动-CISK那样改变热带大气波动的性质(减缓移速),不可能单独成为激发热带大气季节内振荡的动力学机制。在积云对流加热和蒸发-风反馈的共同作用下,CISK-Kelvin波和CISK-Rossby波可以不稳定发展,共同作用比单独的积云对流加热反馈作用能更全面合理地解释热带大气季节内振荡的活动。因此,蒸发-风反馈对于热带大气季节内振荡也有重要作用。   相似文献