Energy Fluxes of an Open Water Area in a mid-Latitude Prairie Wetland     

G. G. Burba  S. B. Verma  J. Kim 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,91(3):495-504

Concurrent measurements of the surface energy balance components (net radiation, heat storage, and sensible and latent heat fluxes) were made in three communities (open water, Phragmites australis, Scirpus acutus) in a wetland in north-central Nebraska, U.S.A., during May-October, 1994. The Bowen ratio – energy balance method was used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. This paper presents results from the open water area. The heat stored in water (G) was found to play a major role in the energy exchange over the water surface. During daytime, G consumed 45–60% of R _n , the net radiation (seasonally averaged daytime G was about 127 W m^–2). At night, G was a significant source of energy (seasonally averaged nighttime G was about -135 Wm^–). The diurnal pattern of latent heat flux ( E) did not follow that of R _n . On some days, E was near zero during midday periods with large R _n . The diurnal variability in E seemed to be significantly affected by temperature inversions formed over the cool water surface. The daily evaporation rate (E) ranged from 2 to 8 mm during the measurement period, and was generally between 70 and 135% of the equilibrium rate.  相似文献   

干旱缺水条件下麦田蒸散量的计算方法   总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20  

康绍忠  熊运章 《地理学报》1990,45(4):475-483

本文从试验资料出发,分析了干旱缺水条件下的麦田蒸散规律,以水量平衡方程为基础,且综合考虑影响麦田蒸散的天气条件、土壤水分状况和小麦本身的生物学特性,选用蒸发力、相对土壤有效含水量和作物的叶面积指数三因素建立了干旱缺水条件下麦田蒸散量的计算模型以及农田土壤水分变化的预测方法。  相似文献   

三亚市3月份突发性暴雨个例分析及预报     

吴士昌  黄萍 《气象研究与应用》2000,21(4):27-28

应用道尔顿蒸发公式的思路,在短期预报的基础上又对突发性暴雨进行中期预报尝试.  相似文献   

The influence of heat conduction on evaporation from sunken pans in hot, dry environment     

I. M. Oroud 《Journal of Hydrology》1998,210(1-4):1-10

Lateral heat conduction across a large circular sunken pan located in a hot, dry environment is evaluated using a numerical procedure. Heat flow across the sunken pan–adjacent soil boundary is calculated using a two-dimensional soil plane. Calculations show that a large temperature differential across the pan–substrate boundary develops during the entire diurnal cycle during January and July, leading to consistently positive heat flow from the soil towards the sunken pan. Heat conduction across the pan–substrate boundary represents 10 and 34% of net radiation over the sunken pan during July and January, respectively. This additional heat source, which is not available for shallow lakes, increases annual evaporation from the sunken pan by about 5–8% in July and January, respectively. In hot arid environments, a sunken pan will overestimate evaporation from a nearby shallow lake/dam due to a larger surface roughness and consistently positive conduction heat flow across the pan–substrate boundary.  相似文献   

大苏干湖湖水蒸发过程中析盐规律及pH值变化          下载免费PDF全文

李兴意  马云麒  彭章旷  杨剑  张棣  马学海  刘玉秀  张艳灵 《盐湖研究》2021,29(4):81-89

卤水蒸发实验多集中在矿化度较高的后期阶段的盐湖,其矿物主要为氯化物及镁的硫酸盐。为了获得碳酸盐—硫酸盐—氯化物整个盐湖演化阶段的析盐及pH值变化规律,使用大苏干湖微咸水(矿化度为26.5 g/L)在28±2 ℃的恒温室内进行蒸发实验。结果表明,在整个蒸发过程矿物结晶析出顺序为单水方解石—石盐—三水碳酸镁—白钠镁矾—泻利盐—六水泻盐—碳酸钠矾,共有七组盐类析出序列,不同于其它硫酸钠亚型的盐湖蒸发沉积规律,大苏干湖微咸水蒸发沉积过程中未见芒硝析出,可能与其特殊的水化学组成有关;pH值由8.82持续降低到6.29。其pH值的变化主要受控于矿物相的析出,在碳酸盐析出过程中pH由8.79迅速降低到7.38,而后以白钠镁矾为主的硫酸盐析出阶段pH降低到6.65,之后在石盐析出阶段pH缓慢降低到6.29。通过微咸水湖的蒸发实验,对于盐湖演化过程中的结晶析盐规律及各析盐阶段的pH值变化规律有了更加全面的认识。  相似文献   

基于超微型贯入试验的黏性土干燥过程中结构强度演化规律研究     

王德银  唐朝生  李建  施斌 《工程地质学报》2014,22(5):818-823

研究土体结构强度对了解土体开裂破坏过程和预防相关工程地质问题有重要意义。以南京地区下蜀土为对象,采用超微型贯入试验方法,分析了试样在干燥过程中的结构强度演化特征。结果表明:所采用的超微型贯入试验方法为定量研究土体在干燥过程中结构强度的演化规律提供了可行的途径,该方法具有操作简单、精度高和含水率适应范围大等优点; 在干燥过程中,当试样处于高含水率阶段时(w24.27%),剖面上的结构强度基本保持一致,空间差异性较小; 在低含水率阶段(w24.27%),试样结构强度空间差异性显著增强,随深度的增加,结构强度呈递减趋势并逐渐趋于稳定; 总体上,土体的结构强度在干燥过程中随平均含水率的减小呈指数递增趋势,这主要是由于土体水分蒸发导致吸力增加,土颗粒之间的作用力增强。此外,由于土体发生收缩变形,土体孔隙比减小,土颗粒间联接点增加,也会对结构强度产生贡献。  相似文献   

察尔汗盐湖卤水蒸发速度影响因素的量化研究          下载免费PDF全文

李志伟  付振海  张志宏  李成宝  赵冬梅  马艳芳  张永明  王婧  苏彤  刘国建 《盐湖研究》2022,30(1):57-67

针对当前气象因素(辐照强度、风速、环境温度和相对湿度)与卤水因素(卤水温度和浓度)综合作用于卤水蒸发速度定量研究的数据缺乏等问题,采用室外蒸发装置及信号采集系统相结合的实验方法,开展了察尔汗盐湖卤水自然蒸发实验.借助多元线性回归分析方法对实验数据进行分析,建立了基于多因素共同作用下的卤水蒸发速度模型.实验结果表明,卤水...  相似文献   

Recharge to the inter-dune lakes and Holocene climatic changes in the Badain Jaran Desert, western China   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Xiaoping Yang  Bingqi Zhu  Bing Xu  Zhibang Ma  Jiaqi Liu 《Quaternary Research》2010,73(1):10-116

We present new estimates on evaporation and groundwater recharge in the Badain Jaran Desert, western Inner Mongolia of northwestern China, based on a modified Penman Equation suitable for lakes in China. Geochemical data and water balance calculations suggest that local rainfall makes a significant contribution to groundwater recharge and that past lake-level variations in this desert environment should reflect palaeoclimatic changes. The chronology of lake-level change, established by radiocarbon and U-series disequilibrium dating methods, indicates high lake levels and a wetter climate beginning at ca. 10 ka and lasting until the late mid-Holocene in the Badain Jaran Desert. The greatest extension of lakes in the inter-dune depressions indicates that the water availability was greatest during the mid-Holocene. Relicts of Neolithic tools and pottery of Qijia Culture (2400-1900 BC) suggest relatively intensive human activity in the Badain Jaran Desert during the early and middle Holocene, supporting our interpretation of a less harsh environment. Wetter climates during the Holocene were likely triggered by an intensified East Asian summer monsoon associated with strong insolation.  相似文献   

托素湖湖水蒸发过程中析盐及其pH值的变化规律研究          下载免费PDF全文

张棣  马云麒  李兴意  杨剑  彭章旷  刘玉秀  马学海 《盐湖研究》2022,30(1):46-56

盐湖卤水蒸发是提取盐湖有益成分的主要途径之一,当前盐湖卤水的蒸发实验主要集中在矿化程度较高的盐湖和咸水湖中,蒸出矿物以硫酸盐和氯化物为主.为了获得湖水蒸发过程中从低矿化度到高矿化度全阶段的析盐和pH值变化规律,用托素湖微咸水在恒温室内开展28±2℃蒸发实验.托素湖为硫酸镁亚型微咸水湖(矿化度27.8 g/L),整个蒸发...  相似文献   

蒸发量与土壤湿度和地下通量关系的模式     

陈科信 《地理学报》1988,(2)

土壤水分和蒸发量是水文循环和能量交换过程中一项重要因素.本文根据非饱和土壤水流运动的基本理论,考虑到在地下水位较高的湿润地区,蒸发层中土壤湿度可以得到地下水的补给,作者提出蒸发量与土壤湿度和地下水通量关系的模式.模式中为单一土壤吸力函数,在实际计算中十分简便.  相似文献