Precipitation and evaporation budgets over the Baltic Proper: observations and modelling     

Ann-Sofi Smedman  Sven-Erik Gryning  Karl Bumke  Ulf H  gstr  m  Anna Rutgersson  Ekaterina Batchvarova  Gerhard Peters  Barbara Hennemuth  Bengt Tammelin  Reijo Hyv  nen  Anders Omstedt  Daniel Michelson  Tage Andersson  Marco Clemens 《Journal of Atmospheric & Ocean Science》2005,10(3):163-191

Precipitation and evaporation budgets over the Baltic Sea were studied in a concerted project called PEP in BALTEX (Pilot study of Evaporation and Precipitation in the Baltic Sea), combining extensive field measurements and modelling efforts. Eddy-correlation-measurements of turbulent heat flux were made on a semi-continuous basis for a 12 month period at four well-exposed coastal sites in the Baltic Proper (the main basin of the Baltic Sea). Precipitation was measured at land-based sites with standard gauges and on four merchant ships travelling between Germany and Finland with the aid of specially designed ship rain gauges (SRGs). The evaporation and precipitation regime of the Baltic Sea was modelled for a 12 month period by applying a wide range of numerical models: the operational atmospheric High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM, Swedish and Finnish versions), the German atmospheric REgional-scale MOdel, REMO, the operational German Europe Model (only precipitation), the oceanographic model PROBE-Baltic, and two models that use interpolation of ground-based data, the Swedish MESAN model of SMHI and a German model of IFM-GEOMAR Kiel. Modelled precipitation was compared with SRG measurements on board the ships. A reasonable correlation was obtained, but the regional-scale models and MESAN gave some 20% higher precipitation over the sea than is measured. Bulk parameterisation schemes for evaporation were evaluated against measurements. A constant value of C_HN and C_EN with wind speed, underestimated large fluxes of both sensible and latent heat flux. The limited area models do not resolve the influence of the height of the marine boundary layer in coastal zones and the entrainment (on the surface fluxes), which may explain the observed low correlations between modelled and measured latent heat fluxes. Estimates of evaporation, E, and precipitation, P, for the entire Baltic Proper were made with several models for a 12 month period. While the annual variation was well represented by all predictions, there are still important differences in the annual means. Evaporation ranges from 509 to 625 mm year^-1 and precipitation between 624 and 805 mm year^-1 for this particular 12 month period. Taking the results of model verification from the present study into account, the best estimate of P-E is about 100 ± 50 mm for this particular 12 month period. But the annual mean of P-E varies considerably from year to year. This is reflected in simulations with the PROBE-Baltic model for an 18 year period, which gave 95 mm year^-1 for the 12 month period studied here and 32 mm year^-1 as an average for 18 years.  相似文献   

A Comparative Analysis of Transpiration and Bare Soil Evaporation   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Ferenc Ács 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,109(2):139-162

Transpiration E^v and bare soil evaporation E^b processes are comparatively analysed assuming homogeneous and inhomogeneous areal distributions of volumetric soil moisture content . For a homogeneous areal distribution of we use a deterministic model, while for inhomogeneous distributions a statistical-deterministic diagnostic surface energy balance model is applied. The areal variations of are simulated by Monte-Carlo runs assuming normal distributions of .The numerical experiments are performed for loam. In the experiments we used different parameterizations for vegetation and bare soil surface resistances and strong atmospheric forcing. According to the results theE^v()-^Eb() differences are great, especially in dry conditions. In spite of this, the available energy flux curves of vegetation A^v() and bare soil A^b() surfaces differ much less than the E^v() and ^Eb() curves. The results suggest that E^v is much more non-linearly related to environmental conditions than ^Eb. Both E^v and ^Eb depend on the distribution of , the wetness regime and the parameterization used. With the parameterizations, ^Eb showed greater variations than E^v. These results are valid when there are no advective effects or mesoscale circulation patterns and the stratification is unstable.  相似文献   

Factors governing subaqueous siliceous sinter precipitation in hot springs: examples from Yellowstone National Park, USA   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Sean A. Guidry  Henry S. Chafetz 《Sedimentology》2002,49(6):1253-1267

Abstract Siliceous sinter precipitation within hot spring systems has been attributed to a variety of mechanisms: evaporative concentration, cooling, changes in pH and cation effects. Repetitive in situ (T, pH, alkalinity, etc.) and laboratory (major, minor and trace elemental, stable isotopic) analyses of the waters plus observations of silica precipitation on natural (e.g. twigs, pine cones) as well as artificial substrates (glass slides and copper plates) in the waters substantiate that subaqueous precipitation is occurring throughout the vent to distal end of flow in both Cistern Spring (Norris Geyser Basin) and Deerbone Spring (Lower Geyser Basin), Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. Quartz and sodium–potassium geothermometers indicate that Cistern Spring is fed by a subsurface reservoir that is between 232 and 272 °C. Calculated reservoir temperatures are significantly lower at Deerbone Spring (182–197 °C). Based on a suite of measured and theoretical saturation indices, downflow changes in the system resulting from evaporative concentration (e.g. Cl increases 10%), changes in pH (e.g. 5·6–7·1) and cation effects (Al and Fe) are of negligible importance in the subaqueous precipitation of hot spring opal‐A. Similarly, at the macroenvironmental scale, potential biotic effects on opal‐A precipitation appear to be minimal. Modelling of the two active siliceous sinter precipitating systems indicates that cooling (e.g. 80–17 °C) is the predominant process governing subaqueous mineral precipitation.  相似文献   

Study of evaporation and recharge in desert soil using environmental tracers, New Mexico, USA   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

A.-R. Shurbaji  A. R. Campbell 《Environmental Geology》1997,29(3-4):147-151

 The purpose of this study is to investigate the rates and mechanisms of recharge and evaporation in soils of a desert environment using two environmental tracers (chloride and oxygen-18). The profiles of chloride concentration and oxygen-18 enrichment in soil-water, together with the depth distribution of water content in soil, reveal information about long-term recharge and instantaneous evaporation processes without needing to know the physical properties of the soil. Three holes were hand-augured, in different desert settings in southeastern New Mexico. The chloride concentration profiles were used, with the chloride mass balance method, to estimate long-term recharge rates in these three holes as 0.5, 0.8, and 2.4 mm yr^–1. Analysis using a bimodal flow and transport model shows that possibly 85% of the recharge occurs via movement of water through preferred pathways in the root zone. Preferential flow was evident in all three sampling sites. Clay layers have a noticeable effect on the development of water content distribution and thus on oxygen-18 enrichment and chloride concentration profiles. The spatial variation in clay layering partly explains the variation in recharge rate estimates. Received: 13 October 1995 · Accepted: 15 November 1995  相似文献   

元谋干热河谷区蒸发量减少原因的灰色关联分析   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

张建平 《云南地理环境研究》1994,6(2):68-75

元谋干热河谷区气候炎热干燥、植被稀疏、生态系统脆弱。近２０年来蒸发量明显减少，本文采用灰色系统关联度理论，对各有关因素影响的大小进行了计算和排序。  相似文献   

蒙自地区蒸发折算系数分析     

郑皎  王继红  李华伟 《辽宁气象》2011,(1):45-47

利用始于1953年的蒙自气候站小型蒸发器和始于1986年的E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量观测资料,计算两种蒸发器蒸发量折算系数,并与相关分析及线性拟合的结果进行对比分析。结果表明：蒙自站小型蒸发器与E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量的时程分配基本一致,两者之间具有较好的相关关系,线性拟合的线性系数与折算系数较为一致,且检验结果较为接近,推算出该地区两种仪器年蒸发量的折算系数为0.65。研究结果可用于本区气候评价、水量平衡分析和水资源调查等。  相似文献   

重庆合川近28a蒸发特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

蔡建华  华荣强  李俊英  陆华标 《气象科学》2008,28(Z1)

利用合川区1980-2007年小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料,分析了合川区蒸发量的变化特征及其影响变化的原因.结果表明:合川年、季和月蒸发量均存在明显的上升趋势,影响蒸发量变化的因子有风速、日照、相对湿度、温度、气压、水汽压、降水等,并对影响因子与蒸发的关系进行相关分析.  相似文献   

蒙自地区蒸发折算系数分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

郑皎  王继红  李华伟 《气象与环境学报》2011,27(1):45-47

利用始于1953年的蒙自气候站小型蒸发器和始于1986年的E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量观测资料,计算两种蒸发器蒸发量的折算系数,并与相关分析及线性拟合的结果进行对比分析。结果表明：蒙自站小型蒸发器与E-601B型蒸发器蒸发量的时程分配基本一致,两者之间具有较好的相关关系,线性拟合的线性系数与折算系数较为一致,且检验结果较为接近,推算出该地区两种仪器年蒸发量的折算系数为0.65。研究结果可用于本地区的气候评价、水量平衡分析、水资源调查等。  相似文献   

老卤蒸发—冷却结晶脱镁的研究          下载免费PDF全文

卢光磊  李海民 《盐湖研究》2010,18(2)

采用蒸发—冷却结晶方法,对青海大柴旦盐湖提钾后的老卤进行脱镁试验研究。试验结果表明,一次蒸发温度为125℃时,老卤的镁去除率达到了33%,蒸发冷却后卤水的流动性较好。一次蒸发温度在135℃时,老卤的镁去除率达到了74%以上,但蒸发冷却后的卤水流动性差,过滤性能不佳。二次蒸发采用125℃蒸发后的卤水为原料,没有达到预期效果。  相似文献   

油泉子钾矿床晶间卤水（KCl）自然蒸发试验研究          下载免费PDF全文

张兆广  祝云军 《盐湖研究》2009,17(4):27-31

油泉子矿床是一个以卤水钾镁盐矿为主的小型综合性盐类矿床,盐湖卤水水化学类型主要为氯化物型,从KCl等组分含量来看,属高钾高钠低镁的卤水。在柴达木盆地与油泉子条件相类似的盐类矿床中,氯化物型卤水钾的选矿工艺已十分成熟,但对于不同矿区不同组分含量的卤水,其结晶路线各不相同,为此,对油泉子矿床氯化物型卤水进行自然蒸发试验,确定盐类结晶析出顺序和钾矿物的最佳分离点,取得钾矿物的产率和钾石盐中KCl含量等基础数据,并对该类型卤水工业利用性能作出评价。  相似文献