辽宁榆树沟铌—钽—稀土矿床成矿岩石成因及对成矿的指示作用     

刘欣 《地质论评》2023,69(Z1):169-170

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Molecular characterization of dissolved black nitrogen via electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry     

《Organic Geochemistry》2015

Combustion produces a complex mixture of polycondensed aromatic compounds known as black carbon (BC). Such products can become remobilized from char and soil in the form of dissolved BC (DBC). Ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI–FT-ICRMS) analysis of a variety of soil and char leachates showed that a significant proportion of DBC compounds contained one or more nitrogen atoms. While the presence of black nitrogen (DBN) in dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been reported, its molecular features were uncharacterized. Here we present results of FT-ICRMS characterization of DBN, where assigned formulae were validated on the basis on their ¹³C isotope signatures and fragmentation patterns obtained via collision induced dissociation. Possible chemical structures were assigned for several DBN formulae and suggest that nitrogen was incorporated into the core ring system as a pyrrole-type moiety. Most DBN compounds existed as part of homologous series where homologs differed by a mass corresponding to CO₂, suggesting that they were polysubstituted with carboxylic acid groups. The environmental contribution of such novel, aromatic, combustion-derived nitrogen compounds with respect to global nitrogen cycling remains elusive. The biogeochemical implications of the input of such fire-derived products to aquatic ecosystems as part of climate change therefore need to be assessed.  相似文献   

切削齿型结构对金刚石钻头钻进性能影响的仿真分析          下载免费PDF全文

王佳亮  张绍和  周怀发  杨汉军 《探矿工程》2015,42(3):69-75

基于有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,建立了孕镶金刚石钻头的三维有限元模型,研究了钻头切削齿结构对钻进性能的影响并进行现场试验验证,提出了一种基于Image-Pro Plus的应力面积分布对比方式。结果表明：同心环齿型钻头在钻进初期沿旋转方向切削齿前缘出现应力集中现象,花齿型钻头未出现明显的应力集中;2种齿型钻头在钻进后期均会不同程度出现内外径边缘靠近水口部位应力集中现象,易导致钻头内外径部位变相磨损;花齿型钻头的钻进效率要优于同心环型钻头,但是钻进寿命有所下降。  相似文献   

Analyzing the Impacts of Urban Expansion on Green Fragmentation Using Constraint Gradient Analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Limin Jiao  Gang Xu  Fengtao Xiao  Yaolin Liu  Boen Zhang 《The Professional geographer》2017,69(4):553-566

Many existing gradient analysis methods are arbitrary or too simple in gradient partitioning and unsuitable for cities with irregular forms. We propose an improved gradient analysis method with urban structural features as spatial constraints to properly partition an urban area into more homogeneous buffers. Taking the Wuhan metropolitan area in China as an example, we use the improved gradient partitioning method and six landscape metrics to characterize urban expansion and green space fragmentation in 1989, 2001, and 2013 and investigate the relationship between urban green fragmentation and urban expansion using correlation analysis and regression modeling. The results show that the fragmentation of built-up area in each buffer generally decreases from 1989 to 2013, but the fragmentation of green space increases. For each time point, with growing distance from urban centers, the fragmentation of built-up area increases and green space fragmentation decreases. This shows that urbanization exerts a significant influence on fragmentation of urban green space from both a temporal and a spatial perspective. Intensive urban expansion moved outward mainly at the cost of agricultural land and resulted in more fragmented green space in the urban fringe. Further quantitative analyses show that the area ratio and fragmentation of the built-up area are statistically negatively correlated with the fragmentation of green space. The improved gradient analysis with spatial constraints can generate more homogeneous ring gradients and then lead to more reasonable results, thereby helping to better understand how urban expansion affects landscape dynamics.  相似文献   

Particle size distribution of cataclastic fault materials from Southern California: A 3-D study     

Lin-Ji An  Charles G. Sammis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1994,143(1-3):203-227

The particle size distributions of fault gouge from the San Andreas, the San Gabriel, and the Lopez Canyon faults in Southern California were measured using sieving and Coulter-Counter techniques over a range of particle sizes from 2 m to 16 mm. The distributions were found to be power law (fractal) for the smaller fragments and log-normal by mass for sizes near and above the peak size. The apparent fractal dimensionD of the smaller particles in gouge samples from the San Andreas fault, the San Gabriel fault and the Lopez Canyon gouge were 2.4–3.6, 2.6–2.9 and 2.4–3.0, respectively. The averageD for the Lopez Canyon gouge was 2.7±0.2, which is in agreement with earlier studies of this gouge using planar 2-D sections. The fractal dimension of the finer fragments from all three faults is observed to be correlated with the peak fragment size, with finer gouges tending to have a largerD. A computer automaton is used to show that this observation may be explained as resulting from a fragmentation process which has a grinding limit at which particle reduction stops.  相似文献   

Fast reconnaissance of carbonate dissolution based on the size distribution of calcareous ooze on Walvis Ridge, SE Atlantic Ocean     

Jan-Berend W. Stuut  Maarten A. Prins  J. H. Fred Jansen 《Marine Geology》2002,190(3-4):581-589

We present a new index of carbonate fragmentation based on the size distribution of bulk sediments in core MD962094 from Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic Ocean). The carbonate fragmentation index is constructed by taking a ratio of the two coarsest fractions in the grain size distributions of the bulk calcareous ooze. The coarsest two fractions (25–90 μm and >90 μm) of the bulk sediments consist primarily of complete shells and fragments of adult foraminifera shells, and juvenile foraminifera shells and fragments, respectively. The ratio of the proportions of the two fractions is interpreted as a measure of fragmentation of the foraminifera shells caused by carbonate dissolution. Downcore changes in our carbonate fragmentation index compare very well with those in the coarse-carbonate fragmentation index in sediments from a nearby core on Walvis Ridge. The latter commonly used fragmentation index is defined as a ratio of foraminifera fragments over whole foraminifera in the >150-μm fraction as seen with a light microscope. Fragmentation is relatively high during glacial stages and relatively low during interglacial stages during the last 300 kyr, caused by the combined effect of wind-driven upwelling of corrosive water and increased production of organic matter, decreasing the preservation potential of carbonates both during and after deposition. The carbonate fragmentation index we present here provides a precise and fast method to establish a downcore fragmentation record. It can be applied to bulk sediments that are carbonate-rich (CaCO₃>68%) and to all other deep-marine sediments of which the grain size distribution of the carbonate-free fraction is available.  相似文献   

How Episodic Coral Breakage Can Determine Community Structure: A South African Coral Reef Example     

Bernhard  Riegl Andrea  Riegl 《Marine Ecology》1996,17(1-3):399-410

Abstract. Africa's southernmost coral reefs are situated in Natal Province, South Africa. The Natal coast is exposed to open Ocean swells and episodic storm swell conditions. Benthic communities on these reefs differentiated into three community types: shallow reefs (8–18 m) were dominated by alcyonacean corals and low-growing, massive Scleractinia; intermediate reefs (18–25 m) were dominated chiefly by branching and tabular Scleractinia of the genus Acropora (A. austera, A. clathrata); deep reefs were not dominated by corals but by sponges. Breakage and recovery experiments indicated that the difference in Acropora dominance between shallow and intermediate sites was caused by breakage in high swell conditions. Survival of experimentally produced A. austera fragments was significantly higher in intermediate than in shallow sites, where higher surge made re-attachment and regeneration unlikely. Also, colony morphology was adapted to differential surge conditions: colonies on the shallow reefs were smaller with shorter branches, while on intermediate reefs they were much bigger with long, widely spreading branches. Episodic breakage and low fragment survival due to high water-motion thus excluded branching corals from shallow reef sites.  相似文献   

PDC碎岩功耗的理论分析与计算   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李田军 《地质与勘探》2016,52(5):937-941

PDC钻头破碎岩石的理论研究,对于合理设计与应用PDC钻头有着非常重要的意义。虽然国内外学者对PDC钻头的碎岩问题进行了诸多的试验和数值模拟研究,但是理论分析研究相对缺乏。PDC碎岩功耗可以定量地从能量角度反映工具破碎岩石的效率,也是评价钻进效率有效指标之一。本文基于单齿PDC的受力模型和接触力学理论,推导了PDC单齿碎岩功耗和PDC钻头碎岩功耗的理论计算公式。结合实例对比分析表明,该公式对于整形PDC片是适用的。研究结果有助于PDC钻头的设计和PDC片的布齿措施,为深化认识PDC切削碎岩机理提供重要的理论依据。  相似文献   

仿生孕镶金刚石钻头高效碎岩机理   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

徐良  孙友宏  高科 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2008,38(6)

将仿生学的非光滑原理应用到孕镶金刚石钻头的设计中,研制出新型的仿生孕镶金刚石钻头,比普通金刚石钻头钻进时效提高了30%~80%。仿生钻头破碎岩石后岩粉的颗粒比普通钻头破碎的岩粉颗粒大,可节省能量消耗,提高破碎效率;仿生非光滑表面使得钻头唇面的比压增加,有利于钻头的锐化,从而提高了时效;另外非光滑表面改善了钻头和岩石的冷却条件,因此提高了金刚石钻头的钻进效率。  相似文献   

Reconstructing the evolution of fault zone architecture: Field‐based study of the core region of the Atera Fault,Central Japan     

Masakazu Niwa  Yukihiro Mizuochi  Atsushi Tanase 《Island Arc》2009,18(4):577-598

In order to reconstruct the architectural evolution of a fault zone with heterogeneous structures, we studied the Atera Fault in Central Japan, and described the detailed mesoscopic and microscopic features of the zone. The fault zone studied consists of a 1.2‐m wide fault core of fault breccia mixed with fragments derived from welded tuff, granite, and mafic volcanic rocks. The 1.2‐m wide fault core is bordered by a western damage zone characterized by a welded tuff fault breccia and an eastern damage zone characterized by a granite cataclasite. A secondary fault core, a 30‐cm wide granite‐derived fault gouge, cross‐cuts the granite cataclasite. Although welded tuff fault breccia and granite cataclasite are also pervasively fractured and fragmented, the fault cores are significantly affected by fragment size reduction due to intense abrasive wear and comminution. The 1.2‐m wide fault core includes fragments and a sharp dark layer composed of mafic volcanic rocks, which can be correlated with neighboring 1.6 Ma volcanic rocks. This observation places a younger constraint on the age of the fault core formation. Carbonate coating on basalt fragments in the 1.2‐m wide fault core has also been fractured indicating the repetition of intense fragmentation. Bifurcated, black and gray veins near the 1.2‐m wide fault core are likely injection veins, formed by the rapid injection of fine material within fault zones during seismic events. The granite‐derived fault gouge, characterized by hard granite fragments without intense brecciation and microfracturing, in a kaolinite‐rich clay matrix, is interpreted as the most recent slip zone within the exposed fault zone. A preview of published geological and hydrological studies of several fault zones shows that clay‐rich fault cores can exhibit much lower permeability than the adjacent damage zones represented in this present case by the welded tuff fault breccia and granite cataclasite.  相似文献