Impact of justice and solidarity variables on the acceptability of managed realignment     

Bénédicte Rulleau  Hélène Rey-Valette  Valérie Clément 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):361-377

Sea-level rise due to climate change will have significant effects on coastal areas and populations. Adaptation policies recommend the managed realignment of the most vulnerable assets and activities. Despite their medium- and long-term benefits, these policies face significant friction due to social acceptability in the communities where they are implemented.

This article investigates the hypothesis that respecting principles of justice in the implementation of managed realignment should increase its acceptability. We compare preferences of those people who are exposed to the risk of climate-change-induced flooding and those who are not, as regards funding managed retreat policies and defining compensation criteria for assets at risk. The main theories of social justice provide the four principles included in the analysis: efficiency, need, responsibility and priority assigned to property rights.

A choice experiment survey was conducted with 258 residents of coastal and hinterland communities in the south of France. Four attributes were selected to define the managed realignment policy: the dialogue arrangements, the implementation period, the policy implementation schedule and the cost. The results show support for a relatively fast launch of these policies (within 15 years) but in stages and through a process of dialogue with the population. People's perceptions of the funding criteria reveal a preference for national solidarity. Finally, national funding of managed retreat policies and compensation criteria based on market prices have a significant positive influence on the acceptability of managed realignment policies, whereas introducing responsibility-based compensation criteria tends to favour the status quo over the adaptation policy.

Policy relevance

Prioritization of the funding criteria reveals the preference for national solidarity. Preferences for the justice criteria underpinning compensation reveal a great diversity of values. Besides implantation modalities, preferences for managed realignment policies depend on which level they are implemented at, on the expropriation criteria (the emphasis given to property rights, i.e. market price), on the attachment (people perceived as worst off, i.e. the property is their main residence rather than a second home or they have lower levels of income) and on the degree of responsibility (related to the date of purchase, i.e. on the information given at the time on the risk).  相似文献   

A field evaluation of enhanced reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents in groundwater,New York Metropolitan Area     

Eric?Rodriguez  Kevin?A.?McGuinness  Duke?U.?OphoriEmail author 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(5):623-632

An initial assessment of an old manufacturing site with groundwater impacted by trichloroethene (TCE) contamination in the metropolitan New York area showed that the TCE was being removed naturally by reductive dechlorination. However, complete dechlorination was not expected at the site because the process was progressing too slowly under transitional to aerobic conditions at a degradation constant of –0.0013 and a TCE half life of 533 days. A pilot test was conducted at the site in which a carbohydrate substrate (molasses) was injected into the groundwater to create an In-Situ Reactive Zone (IRZ). Post-pilot test groundwater sampling and analysis indicated that an IRZ was created successfully as the total organic carbon (TOC) content and conductivity increased significantly while oxidation-reduction (REDOX) potential and dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased. The created IRZ caused enhanced reductive dechlorination of TCE at the site, found to proceed with a degradation constant of –0.0158 and a TCE half life of 44 days.  相似文献   

旋转扰动流体中壁面湍流不稳定及其拟序结构研究Ⅱ：数值模式   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Enrico Ferrero  张瑛  全利红  Luca Mortarini  Renato Forza 《气象与减灾研究》2009,32(4):14-17

对第一部分的实验结果进行了讨论,指出局地最大、最小涡度的存在与所谓的正压不稳定和大气中经常观测到的滚动涡有关。速度廓线中的拐点和涡度极大值点对应不稳定发展的位置。另外,为了改进湍流的模拟,根据“准正则”近似,发展了一个三阶闭合模式。这个模型已被证明可以描述与湍流过程有关的流体动力学变量的趋势。  相似文献   

Diffusion of divalent cations in garnet: multi-couple experiments   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

A. L. Perchuk  M. Burchard  H.-P. Schertl  W. V. Maresch  T. V. Gerya  H.-J. Bernhardt  O. Vidal 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(5):573-592

We demonstrate the possibility of studying several diffusion couples in a single run, i.e. under almost similar P–T–t– conditions, allowing direct comparison of the diffusion rates in different diffusion couples. Thus the duration of experimental study and the risk of failure of expensive experimental equipment can be decreased considerably. The diffusion experiments were carried out in piston-cylinder apparatus. Gem-quality garnets of almandine, spessartine and grossular compositions together with inclusion-rich eclogitic garnets were embedded in a powder of natural pyrope and annealed together under dry conditions at P = 1.9–3.2 GPa and T = 1,070–1,400°C. Diffusion profiles were measured by electron microprobe and fitted numerically on the basis of multicomponent diffusion theory. The datasets derived from different diffusion couples yields parameters of the Arrhenius equation for Ca, Mg and Fe in natural eclogitic garnets and Mg, Mn and Fe in gem-quality garnets. We have also studied the effect of grain-boundary diffusion in the sintered pyrope matrix on interdiffusion on the basis of 2D modeling. Under conditions analogous to those of our experimental runs, we show that observed irregularities in some measured diffusion profiles (not applied for the diffusion modeling) can be directly related to the superposition of local grain-boundary diffusion on dominant volume diffusion.  相似文献   

低温条件下长石溶解模拟实验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张永旺  曾溅辉  郭建宇 《地质论评》2009,55(1):134-142

为了研究有机酸和无机酸对长石的溶解能力以及不同有机酸对长石溶解能力的差异,笔者等在80℃条件下,在不同pH值（4、6和8）的分别含有盐酸、乙酸和草酸的溶液中,对碱性长石和斜长石进行了溶解模拟实验研究。实验结果表明：酸性(pH=4)和弱酸性(pH=6)条件下,乙酸对两种长石的溶解能力大于草酸,碱性条件(pH=8)下草酸的溶解能力最大,无论在酸性或碱性条件下,有机酸对长石的溶解能力均高于无机酸,酸性(pH=4)条件下,斜长石与碱性长石溶解量差别不大,在弱酸性(pH=6)和碱性(pH=8) 条件下,斜长石的溶解量高于碱性长石。  相似文献   

The High-Resolution Solar Reference Spectrum between 250 and 550 nm and its Application to Measurements with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument     

Marcel Dobber  Robert Voors  Ruud Dirksen  Quintus Kleipool  Pieternel Levelt 《Solar physics》2008,249(2):281-291

We have constructed a new high resolution solar reference spectrum in the spectral range between 250 and 550 nm. The primary use of this spectrum is for the calibration of the Dutch – Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), but other applications are mentioned. The incentive for deriving a new high resolution solar reference spectrum is that available spectra do not meet our requirements on radiometric accuracy or spectral resolution. In this paper we explain the steps involved in constructing the new spectrum, based on available low and high resolution spectra and discuss the main sources of uncertainty. We compare the result with solar measurements obtained with the OMI as well as with other UV-VIS space-borne spectrometers with a similar spectral resolution. We obtain excellent agreement with the OMI measurements, which indicates that both the newly derived solar reference spectrum and our characterization of the OMI instrument are well understood. We also find good agreement with previously published low resolution spectra. The absolute intensity scale, wavelength calibration and representation of the strength of the Fraunhofer lines have been investigated and optimized to obtain the resulting high resolution solar reference spectrum.  相似文献   

Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China     

Xiaotu Lei  Xuefen Zhang  Wansuo Duan  Hong Li  Zhiqiu Gao  Chuanhai Qian  Bingke Zhao  Jie Tang 《地球科学进展》2019,34(7):671-678

The lack of sufficient direct observation data of typhoon fine structure is the main bottleneck that restricts the further development of typhoon discipline and forecasting. This paper briefly introduced the basic information of the National Key R&D Program of China, entitled “Experiment on Coordinated Observation of Offshore Typhoon in China”, which started in early 2019. Firstly, the importance and necessity of the program around the national needs on typhoon-related disaster reduction and prevention were explained. Then, the coordinated observation difficulties and frontiers in the current typhoon discipline situation from the development and improvement of the physical mechanism and key forecasting technologies were shown. The overview of the direct observation instrument and platform, the field campaign and the parameterization techniques related to physical process in typhoon numerical modeling was provided. Finally, the key scientific and technical issues and main research contents of the program were given.  相似文献   

地震氡观测仪计量检定系统与实验分析     

黄仁桂  陈俊松  周红艳  宁洪涛  毛华 《中国地震》2019,35(4):666-675

本文介绍了地震氡观测仪计量检定系统（氡室）的建设背景及结构组成。氡室具有氡体积活度（氡浓度）实时监测、动态补氡、氡期望值可调、稳定性好等特点。在氡室调试实验中进行了氡室的漏气率实验及4次补氡实验,计算出氡室的氡漏气率为0.0001393Bq/min,氡发生率为23.35Bq/min。根据《测氡仪检定规程》（JJG 825—2013）的技术要求进行计量效能验证,表明氡室的氡体积活度（氡浓度）为800Bq/m³、1500Bq/m³、3000Bq/m³、6000Bq/m³和15000Bq/m³时,连续8h稳定性均优于5%;为6000Bq/m³时,72h稳定性优于5%,符合国家计量技术规范对氡室计量标准的要求。  相似文献   

SAR影像多项式正射纠正方法与实验   总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11  

黄国满  郭建坤  赵争  肖洲  仇春平  吕京国 《测绘科学》2004,29(6):27-30

提出了一种针对SAR影像的多项式正射纠正法———引入投影差改正的多项式纠正法,并对ERS 2、RADARSAT和机载SAR影像进行了实验。引起SAR影像变形的因素很多,其中多数变形可以通过多项式纠正方法得到改正;但是,因高差引起的变形很难通过一般的多项式纠正方法进行改正。在本文中,先根据斜距和侧视角改正高差引起的投影差,然后用一般多项式纠正的方法改正其他因素引起的变形;重采样时则恰好相反,先根据多项式参数求得未受高差影响的像点坐标,然后加上投影差,从而获得真实的像点坐标。与其他正射纠正的方法相比,本文的方法非常易于实现,而且能够达到相当高的精度。根据以上原理,设计了相应的软件,并对云南大理一幅Radarsat的山区影像进行了纠正实验,控制点精度为2 2个像素;而采用一般多项式,使用同样的控制点,对这幅影像进行纠正,只能达到44 4个像素。另外,使用ERS 2影像和机载SAR影像进行了相应试验,结果类似于Radarsat影像的纠正。因此,本文提出的方法是有效、可行的,能适应地形起伏较大地区的SAR影像的几何校正。  相似文献   

矿山地震监测技术的进展及最新成果   总被引：26，自引：6，他引：20  

李世愚  和雪松  张少泉  陆其鹄  蒋秀琴  佟晓辉  李铁  管恩福  左艳  孙学会  李国基 《地球物理学进展》2004,19(4):853-859

回顾了矿山地震监测的简史,介绍了近期矿震监测技术改造情况．抚顺小孔径矿山地震台网的监测取得了比较完整的观测资料．矿震定位结果表明了矿震与开采进程的相关性．用岩石断裂力学和损伤理论的研究成果对于两类不同矿震的成因给出了最新解释．观测资料证实了矿震与瓦斯溢出的相关性．这些结果表明．在一定条件下．矿震可能成为瓦斯溢出的预警信号．由此证明,实现矿震与瓦斯浓度的联合监测是重要的,也是可行的．矿山地质灾害的综合地球物理监测对于地震成因的研究具有重要的中尺度实验意义,同时对于煤矿安全生产也将带来重要效益．  相似文献