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1.
《地震》2017,(3)
利用AlphaGUARD测氡仪及AquaKIT水氡测量组件,使用水中溶解氡对FD-125测氡仪标配的两个闪烁室进行标准仪器校准。通过改变系统内体积,保证系统内AlphaGUARD测氡仪读数分别在1 000Bq/m~3,1 000~2 000Bq/m~3,……,10 000Bq/m~3等6个不同范围内。结果表明,当系统内氡体积活度大于1 000Bq/m~3时,所得到的K值相对于均值的偏差均≤5%,而且相对于氡气固体源校准得到的k值相对误差均≤5%;而当系统内氡体积活度小于1 000Bq/m~3时,所得到的K值相对于均值的偏差较大(10.2%与13.3%)。因此,认为标准仪器校准需要的条件是系统内氡体积活度1 000Bq/m~3,再根据氡在闭合系统内的水气平衡公式,得到台站开展标准仪器校准所需的最低水氡体积活度。本工作进一步研究了利用水中溶解氡加标准仪器的标准仪器校准技术代替氡气固体源校准的方法,而且基本确定了开展标准仪器校准所需条件,为下一步该校准方法规程的制定与方法推广奠定理论基础。 相似文献
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太湖蚌类现存量及空间分布格局 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
于2016年10月和2017年10月对太湖全湖8个湖区129个样点的蚌类进行调查，分析蚌类的物种组成、现存量、空间分布及历史变化.共采集到蚌类704个个体，隶属8属14种.全湖蚌类平均生物量和密度分别为4.169±9.337 g/m2和0.164±0.386 ind./m2；各湖区蚌类平均生物量和密度差异较大，东部沿岸区生物量和密度最高，分别为14.975±16.743 g/m2和0.577±0.758 ind./m2；湖心区生物量和密度最低，仅为0.727±1.622 g/m2和0.029±0.071 ind./m2.扭蚌（Arconaia lanceolata）、圆顶珠蚌（Unio douglasiae）和背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana woodiana）为太湖现阶段的优势种.基于蚌类平均密度的聚类分析，8个湖区分为3类.与历史数据相比，太湖蚌类资源呈明显衰退趋势，现状不容乐观，需加强对太湖蚌类的保护和资源的有效管理. 相似文献
3.
云南程海浮游植物初级生产力的时空变化及其影响因子 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2016年4月-2017年2月，采用黑白瓶法研究了云南程海单点（码头点位）浮游植物初级生产力的垂直分布及其季节变化，同时基于全湖9个点位的现场调查和生产力垂向归纳模型（VGPM）估算并探讨了程海浮游植物初级生产力的时空变化及其主要影响因子.结果显示，码头点位的年均（均值±标准误）水柱（0~3 m）总初级生产力（GPPC）、净初级生产力（NPPC）和呼吸消耗量（RC）分别为5.40×103±0.64×103、2.36×103±0.63×103和3.06×103±0.82×103 mg O2/（m2·d）；不论春夏季（4-8月）、秋冬季（9月-次年2月）还是全年，码头点位的单位生物量GPP（GPP/Chl.a）和单位生物量NPP（NPP/Chl.a）的最大值和最小值均分别出现在水下0.5 m和3.0 m处.经VPGM估算，程海全湖的初级生产力（PPeu）年均值为6.54×103±0.30×103 mg C/（m2·d）（2.74×103~18.62×103 mg C/（m2·d））.PPeu的时空变化方面，春夏季是PPeu快速上升的时节，秋冬季PPeu的月变化则呈波动状态，春夏季与秋冬季PPeu无显著性差异；PPeu整体空间异质性较弱，仅在降水最为充沛的7、8月表现出南北向的异质性，这与降水条件和流域营养盐输入的空间异质性有关.回归分析发现，虽然程海PPeu的主要影响因子具有季节异质性，但不论春夏季、秋冬季还是全年，浮游植物生物量均是重要的影响因子，水温亦是春夏季的重要影响因子. 相似文献
4.
藏南羊卓雍错湖面大气湍流特征观测分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
湍流运动是大气边界层的本质特征，是地表与大气之间能量和物质交换的主要方式.本文利用2016和2017年4-10月藏南羊卓雍错湖泊涡动观测资料，分析了湖面大气湍流方差和湍流特征量的统计和变化特征.结果表明：（1）不稳定层结下，三维风速分量和超声虚温、水汽密度、CO2密度的无量纲标准差随稳定度变化符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"或"-1/3"次幂律，垂直风速的拟合效果最好；稳定层结下，除CO2密度无量纲标准差与稳定度无明显关系外，其他量基本上满足相似性规律；中性条件下，以上物理量的无量纲标准差分别趋近常数：3.57、3.93、0.77、20.91、6.35和11.96.（2）水平方向平均湍流强度（0.60和0.58）大于垂直方向（0.13），三维方向湍流强度与平均风速的变化呈显著负相关，相关系数分别为-0.39、-0.42和-0.34.（3）湖面湍流动能随风速呈线性增长，增长率达0.45 m/s；近中性层结时湍流动能最大，层结越稳定或不稳定湍流动能均减小.（4）湖泊下午到傍晚动量输送较强，13：00-22：30时间段平均动量通量达0.091 kg/（m·s2）；热量输送以潜热为主，潜热通量日平均值（77.3 W/m2）是感热通量（14.6 W/m2）的5.3倍，感热和潜热通量日变化峰值分别出现在5：30（22.4 W/m2）和16：00（106.6 W/m2）. 相似文献
5.
以滇池典型生态修复区——大泊口水域为研究对象,研究了富营养化高原湖泊种子库时空特征、种子库与地表覆盖水生植被及水环境的相关关系和恢复潜力.利用高密度样方原位观测与温室控制种子萌发实验相结合,基于2014-2016共3年的长期定位研究,分析湖泊平均种子库密度、分布格局及与覆盖水生植物Sørensen相似性关系,结果显示：年平均种子库形成率在20.35%~34.13%之间,种子库密度2014年为546.67粒/m2,2015年为826粒/m2,2016年为1682粒/m2,眼子菜科的篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus L.）、金鱼藻科的金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）等耐污种属对种子库构成和年增长率贡献较大;垂直方向上种子主要分布于深层底泥（5~30 cm）.随着在时间尺度上的延长,种子库分布更为广泛,且规模越来越大（其中500粒/m2以上规模的分布频率显示增多）.离散系数（V/m）与Lloyd平均拥挤指数（m*）分析显示主要优势群丛（篦齿眼子菜等）为聚集分布,其余为均匀空间分布格局;种子库与水生植被关系评价指标Sørensen相似性系数（SC）研究显示,滇池大泊口平均SC=（0.3628±0.0265）,在湖泊湿地类型和草本群落植被类型属性上处于较低水平,即显示目前植物群落演替过程发生较快,耐污先锋种属在恢复进程上占据优势生态位,而历史优势种和对水环境要求较高的物种却未能规模萌发,一定程度上揭示了高原富营养化湖泊种子库中历史优势植被可恢复性的特征及难点. 相似文献
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在巢湖西北半湖近岸带设置大型围隔研究秋季连续打捞蓝藻对湖泊温室气体通量的影响，应用YL-1000型大型仿生式水面蓝藻清除设备进行原位打捞蓝藻，通过便携式温室气体分析仪-静态箱法对大型围隔内水-气界面CH4、CO2通量特征及其影响因素进行观测.结果表明：对比未打捞区，蓝藻连续打捞下打捞区水体中叶绿素a（Chl.a）、悬浮物（SS）浓度不断下降，两者削减率分别为72%、85%，Chl.a、SS浓度分别下降到29.6±2.5 μg/L、12.5±1.2 mg/L，打捞对围隔内颗粒态物质去除效果十分明显；打捞过程中水体溶解性有机物（DOM）中微生物代谢类腐殖质（C1）、类蛋白（C3）显著下降趋势，打捞区C1、C3组分（0.18±0.02、0.06±0.01 RU）强度明显低于未打捞区（0.26±0.05、0.12±0.03 RU），打捞能有效控制藻源性溶解性有机质释放.同时，打捞区水-气界面CH4通量呈显著下降趋势，未打捞区CH4通量平均值（17.473±1.514 nmol/（m2·s））为打捞区（7.004±4.163 nmol/（m2·s））近2倍，CH4通量与Chl.a、C1、C3组分均呈显著正相关，水体中藻源性溶解态有机质对CH4通量具有促进作用；打捞区CO2释放通量呈显著上升趋势，打捞区CO2吸收通量（-0.200±0.069 μmol/（m2·s））明显低于未打捞区（-0.344±0.017 μmol/（m2·s）），CO2通量与Chl.a、温度均呈显著负相关.秋季打捞对CH4、CO2综合日平均通量减排量值为0.275±0.076 mol/（m2·d）（以CO2当量计）.研究结果揭示了巢湖秋季连续打捞蓝藻过程对水-气界面温室气体具有显著减排作用，且能在一定程度上减缓蓝藻水华与湖泊富营养化、气候变暖之间的恶性循环，为湖泊碳循环和蓝藻水华灾害防控提供科学数据支撑和理论参考. 相似文献
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太湖流域水资源供需矛盾主要体现为"水质型缺水"问题,如何对"水质型缺水"进行定量描述,在太湖流域是一个难题.本文提出了"分质水资源量"的概念,以流域水资源四级分区为单元,以分区水质监测资料结合水资源量进行分析,分别统计分区分质水资源量.分析表明:太湖流域142×108 m3的地表水资源量中,Ⅲ类以上的适合于饮用水源和一般工业用水的优质水为35.8×108 m3,占25.2%;适合于电力冷却用水、农业灌溉的Ⅳ-Ⅴ类水为46.4×108 m3,占32.6%;不可利用的劣Ⅴ类水有59.9×108 m3,占42.2%.流域内优于Ⅴ类(含Ⅴ类)的地表水资源量为82.2×108 m3,占地表水总资源量的57.8%.而浅层地下水己基本被污染.需要指出,Ⅰ-Ⅲ类优质水虽仍有35.8×108 m3,但目前流域内对Ⅰ-Ⅲ类水的需求量己达60.6×108 m3,如将此两数对比,则优质水缺额为24.8×108 m3,但实际上,优质水的需求主要集中在流域中下游,而可供优质水水源则主要集中在流域上游地区山区水库和中游太湖湖心区、东部湖区和太浦河,供需两者的空间分布有较大出入,因此优质水资源缺额将更大,由此可见太湖流域水质型缺水形势十分严峻. 相似文献
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2022年3月17日,山西省交口县某铝矿尾矿库发生溃坝事故,造成较大经济损失。为了探究尾矿库溃坝的原因,基于多时相光学卫星立体像对数据和SBAS-InSAR等遥感技术,回溯分析该尾矿库的堆载过程、库容变化和坝体形变,并采用GeoStudio软件Slope/W模块评价溃坝前边坡的稳定性。结果表明:(1)该尾矿库于2019年9月前已堆积至最大库容,2021年12月前在2#坝后方子库堆载至96万m3,超出设计库容4.8万m3,从而降低了坝体的稳定性;(2)溃坝物源主要来自2#坝以上库区,在2#坝与1#坝之间以及1#坝到沟口区域均主要以堆积为主;(3)该尾矿库溃坝属于典型的渗流场诱发尾矿坝失稳,尾矿加载导致其坝体边坡稳定性安全系数由1.125降至0.991,是该尾矿库溃坝的直接诱发因素。 相似文献
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湖泊沉积物有机碳埋藏是陆地碳循环中重要的环节，对全球碳平衡起着重要的作用.洱海是云贵高原第二大淡水湖，目前对洱海生态环境变化、重金属与营养盐污染等已展开了较为深入的研究，但对近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化与驱动因素缺乏系统的分析.本文通过对洱海北部湖区典型岩芯（编号EH2012）以及其他湖区13个沉积岩芯中有机碳（OC）含量的分析，结合湖泊生态环境与气候因子变化，研究了近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化特征与影响因素.C/N摩尔比值表明洱海沉积物中OC以湖泊内源为主，不同湖区岩芯中OC含量变化趋势基本相似.以EH2012岩芯为例，OC含量历史变化可分为3个阶段：1970年以前，表现出较稳定的低值；1970-2000年，OC含量逐渐增加；2000年以来，OC含量增加更加明显并达到近百年来的最大值.近百年来，EH2012岩芯有机碳累积速率（OCAR）呈逐渐增加趋势，变化范围为7.9~87.2 g/（m2·a），平均OCAR（OCAR）为24.1 g/（m2·a）；OCAR变化与OC含量和区域气温呈显著正相关，全球变暖与营养驱动下的湖泊生产力提高可能是近年来OCAR增加的主要原因之一.基于重金属Cd污染初始时间建立的时标，1982年以来不同湖区OCAR为17.1~44.7 g/（m2·a），采用克里金插值得到的全湖OCAR均值为31.4 g/（m2·a）；不同湖区OCAR与磷累积速率呈显著正相关，指示了湖泊营养水平对有机碳埋藏空间变化的重要影响. 相似文献
11.
Luis S. Quindos Poncela Carlos Sainz Fernandez Ismael Fuente Merino Jose L. Gutierrez Villanueva Alberto Gonzalez Diez 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(4):848-858
Radon can be used as a naturally occurring tracer for environmental processes. By means of grab-sampling or continuous monitoring of radon concentration, it is possible to assess several types of dynamic phenomena in air and water. We present a review of the use of radon and its progeny at the University of Cantabria. Radon can be an atmospheric dynamics indicator related with air mass interchange near land-sea discontinuities as well as for the study of vertical variations of air parameters (average values of different types of stability: 131–580 Bq m?3). Concerning indoor gas, we present some results obtained at Altamira Cave (Spain): from 222 to 6549 Bq m?3 (Hall) and from 999 to 6697 Bq m?3 (Paintings Room). Finally, variations of radon concentration in soil (0.3 to 9.1 kBq m?3) and underground water (values up to 500 Bq l?1) provide relevant information about different geophysical phenomena. 相似文献
12.
In the past decade many international studies have established that the radioactive gas radon is responsible to a large extent for the radiation dose absorbed by the population. Consequently the Swiss Federal Health Office started and sponsored a research program called RAPROS (Radon Programm Schweiz, 1987–1991) to assess the relevant aspects of radon exposure in Switzerland.The average indoor radon concentration in Swiss living rooms is about 60–70 Bq m−3, this corresponds to an annual dose of about 2.2 mSv, but values largely exceeding 1000 Bq m−3 were also found. Often very strong temporal fluctuations of indoor radon concentrations were measured.The ground directly underneath buildings is the main radon source of indoor radon. The material properties that influence the radon production and transport in soils are: radium content, emanating coefficient and soil gas permeability; among them only the last one can vary over many orders of magnitude. The permeability is consequently the decisive factor that enables radon transport in the subsurface. To characterize the radon potential of soils a radon availability index (rav) was introduced.Our investigations have also shown that in karst systems the radon concentration in the air is often increased to 10–100 times higher than in buildings. This radon-charged air is able to travel over considerable distances through faults and cavities in the underground and reach living rooms built over karstified areas. 相似文献
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This work presents results from a nearly two-year monitoring of the hydrologic dynamics of the largest submarine spring system in Florida, Spring Creek Springs. During the summer of 2007 this spring system was observed to have significantly reduced flow due to persistent drought conditions. Our examination of the springs revealed that the salinity of the springs' waters had increased significantly, from 4 in 2004 to 33 in July 2007 with anomalous high radon (222Rn, t1/2=3.8 days) in surface water concentrations indicating substantial saltwater intrusion into the local aquifer. During our investigation from August 2007 to May 2009 we deployed on an almost monthly basis a continuous radon-in-water measurement system and monitored the salinity fluctuations in the discharge area. To evaluate the springs' freshwater flux we developed three different models: two of them are based on water velocity measurements and either salinity or 222Rn in the associated surface waters as groundwater tracers. The third approach used only salinity changes within the spring area. The three models showed good agreement and the results confirmed that the hydrologic regime of the system is strongly correlated to local precipitation and water table fluctuations with higher discharges after major rain events and very low, even reverse flow during prolong droughts. High flow spring conditions were observed twice during our study, in the early spring and mid-late summer of 2008. However the freshwater spring flux during our observation period never reached that reported from a 1970s value of 4.9×106 m3/day. The maximum spring flow was estimated at about 3.0×106 m3/day after heavy precipitation in February-March 2008. As a result of this storm (total of 173 mm) the salinity in the spring area dropped from about 27 to 2 in only two days. The radon-in-water concentrations dramatically increased in parallel, from about 330 Bq/m3 to about 6600 Bq/m3. Such a rapid response suggests a direct connection between the deep and the surficial aquifers. 相似文献
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Constantin Cosma Alexandra Cucoş Botond Papp Robert Begy Tiberiu Dicu Mircea Moldovan Lucia Adina Truţă Dan Constantin Niţă Bety-Denissa Burghele Liviu Suciu Carlos Sainz 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(4):859-875
B?i?a-?tei mine is an open pit mine in NW Romania (West Carpathian Mountains). It was the largest surface uranium deposit in the world. Two means of uranium transport and dissemination were used over time. The first was the natural way, represented by transportation of geological sediments by Cri?ul-B?i?a River that crosses the B?i?a surface deposit. These sediments were used as building materials (stone, gravel, sand). The second way was related to the people living in this valley, who used also the uranium waste as building material. The preliminary indoor radon concentrations measured in the buildings ranged from 40 to 4000 Bq m?3 with a mean value of 241 Bq m?3. A focused radon survey facilitated the selection of 20 houses with the highest indoor radon that were therefore proposed for remediation. To find the radon sources of these houses, systematic investigations on radon were performed. The remedial measures for these 20 houses were tested on a chosen pilot house. 相似文献
15.
Sub‐surface water contribution to recession flow in a mountain headwater stream system based on single monitoring campaign 
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下载免费PDF全文 Discharge in mountain streams may be a mixture of snowmelt, water from surface runoff, and deep return flow through valley bottom alluvia. We used δ18O and δ2H, solute concentrations, and 222Rn to determine water sources of a headwater stream located at the McDonald Creek watershed, Glacier National Park, USA, during summer recession flow period. We analysed minimal water isotope ranges of ?17.6‰ to ?16.5‰ and ?133‰ to ?121‰ for δ18O and δ2H, respectively, potentially due to dominance of snow‐derived water in the stream. Likewise, solute concentrations measured in the stream through the watershed showed minimal variation with little indication of subsurface water input into the stream. However, we observed 222Rn activities in the stream that ranged from 39 to 2646 Bq/m3 with the highest value measured in middle of the watershed associated with channel constriction corresponding to changes in local orientation of underlying rocks. Downstream from this point, 222Rn activity decreased from 581 to 117 Bq/m3 in a series of punctuated steps associated with small rapids and waterfalls that we hypothesized to cause radon degassing with a maximum predicted loss of 427 Bq/m3 along a 400 m distance. Based on mass balance calculations using 222Rn activity values, streamflow, and channel characteristics, we estimated that groundwater contributed between 0.3% and 29% of total flow. Overall, we estimated a 5.9% of groundwater contribution integrated for stream reach measured at McDonald Creek during recession flow period. Finally, a lower mean hyporheic flux of 14 m3/day was estimated compared to the groundwater flux of 70 710 m3/day. These assessments highlight the potential for radon as a conservative tracer that can be used to estimate subsurface water contribution in mountain streams within a complex geologic setting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Constantin Cosma Botond Papp Mircea Moldovan Victor Cosma Ciprian Cindea Liviu Suciu Adelina Apostu 《Acta Geophysica》2010,58(5):947-956
Soil radon gas and/or its exhalation rate are used as indicators for some applications, such as uranium exploration, indoor
radon concentration, seismic activity, location of subsurface faults, etc., and also in the studies where the main interest
is the field verification of radon transport models. This work proposes a versatile method for the soil radon sampling using
a special manner of pumping. The soil gas is passed through a column of charcoal by using passive pumping. A plastic bottle
filled with water is coupled to an activated charcoal column and the flow of water through an adjustable hole made at the
bottom of bottle assures a controlled gas flow from the soil. The results obtained for the activity of activated charcoal
are in the range of 20–40 kBq/m3, for a depth of approximately 0.8 m. The results obtained by this method were confirmed by simultaneous measurements using
LUK 3C device for soil radon measurements. Possible applications for the estimation of radon soil potential are discussed. 相似文献
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根据氡观测仪的氡室校准和氡气固体源校准两种校准方式的实验结果, 讨论了使用标准仪器校准氡观测仪器的可靠性问题。 用国际公认的计量传递仪器AlphaGUARD P2000Pro或AlphaGUARD P2000F测氡仪作为氡气溯源仪器, 对九江地震台FD-125氡钍分析器的三个闪烁室进行了氡室校准、 氡气固体源校准和仪器校准三种方法实验, 得到标准仪器校准、 氡气固体源校准得出K值相对氡室校准结果偏差均小于6%, 结果表明, 三种方法的校准结果均符合目前氡观测计量溯源技术要求, 能达到与国家氡计量刻度相统一目的。 相似文献
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Nemesio M. Pérez Pedro A. Hernández Eleazar Padrón Gladys Melián Rayco Marrero Germán Padilla José Barrancos Dácil Nolasco 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(12):2431-2448
Precursory geochemical signatures of radon degassing in the subsurface of the Tenerife Island were observed several months
prior to the recent 2004 seismic-volcanic crisis. These premonitory signatures were detected by means of a continuous monitoring
of 222Rn and 220Rn activity from a bubbling CO2-rich gas spot located at 2.850 m depth inside a horizontal gallery for groundwater exploitation at Tenerife. Multivariate
Regression Analysis (MRA) on time series of the radon activity was applied to eliminate the radon activity fluctuation due
to external variables such as barometric pressure, temperature and relative humidity as well as power supply. Material Failure
Forecast Method (FFM) was successfully applied to forecast the anomalous seismicity registered in Tenerife Island in 2004.
The changes in the 222Rn/220Rn ratio observed after the period of anomalous seismicity might suggest a higher gas flow rate and/or changes in the vertical
permeability induced by seismic activity. 相似文献
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S. De la Cruz-Reyna M. Mena N. Segovia J. F. Chalot J. L. Seidel M. Monnin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1985,123(3):407-421
Radon (222Em) emanation measurements in soil gases are reported in connection with the 1982 eruptions of El Chichón Volcano.222Em detection is performed with LR-115 cellulose nitrate track detectors. Results show a general decreasing pattern of222Em concentration in soil with time after the eruptions. Activity measurements of radon daughters in ashes show that a large amount of222Em and220Em was released from magma degassing during the eruptions, and that only a fraction of the degassed magma was erupted. An important fluid interaction between the magma chamber and the surrounding sedimentary rock is also suggested. 相似文献