排序方式： 共有64条查询结果，搜索用时 46 毫秒
21.
本篇讨论陆—岛碰撞、地体拼合和复理石建造等大地构造作用。根据碰撞陆块的尺度可将大陆碰撞分为陆—陆碰撞、陆—岛碰撞和岛—岛碰撞三种不同级别。大陆碰撞的强度与碰撞陆块边缘的形状有关。在陆块边缘的凸出部碰撞最为剧烈,形成岩石圈变形极为剧烈的碰撞造山带。在小陆块两侧或凹入部碰撞不易发生,形成沉积巨厚的复理石建造。如果多个陆块在会聚时相对运动速度不大,碰撞不大剧烈,这种碰撞称为地体拼合.地体拼合属于岩石圈挤压力较小而作用期较长的造陆作用,以蒙古—鄂霍次克带为代表,洋陆转换带岩石圈大部分成为增生的大陆。地体拼合过程分以下4个阶段:①双向俯冲形成岛弧;②洋—岛俯冲扩展洋陆转换带;③幔源岩浆底侵,洋陆转换带岩石圈向大陆岩石圈演化;④地体拼合造陆,大陆增生。大陆碰撞发生时不发生碰撞的部位板块会聚产物具复理石建造特征。复理石盆地是被洋壳俯冲推挤成陆的显生宙洋陆转换区,以巨厚深水浊流沉积及等深流沉积为特征。大陆岩石圈碰撞作用分为以下五类:裙边碰撞,裸碰撞、弱碰撞、无碰撞和碰撞走滑,碰撞的特征参数各不相同,其中只有裸碰撞在力学上属于弹性碰撞。 相似文献
22.
23.
本文根据INDEPTH-Ⅳ剖面所做的地质?地球物理探测所取得的资料,进行综合研究,提出了一个新的昆仑山造山模式,论述了:(1)在早二叠世松潘—甘孜洋向昆仑—柴达木地块下俯冲使地块南缘形成陆缘弧和弧后拉张区,使昆仑—柴达木地块在持续碰撞挤压过程中,分别形成了造山带与古近—新近纪盆地的不同构造演化特征;(2)昆仑地段老结晶基底在地块对挤中不断向上抬升成山,同时又受到强烈剥蚀,使老结晶基底及深成岩呈现在地表;南昆仑地块则沿昆仑地块中央断裂向北逆冲到北昆仑地块之上,断裂深10 km;昆仑地块没有发生向北逆冲推覆到柴达木地块上;(3)昆仑地块地壳增厚主要发生在中地壳(6.2~6.6 km/s),是中基性岩石层的增厚;(4)柴达木盆地作为昆仑弧弧后拉张地带,随昆仑造山隆升而下沉,新生界陆相沉积达12~14 km厚,由“沉积”与“挤入”两个作用造成了地壳增厚;结晶基底发生断陷形成新裂谷,裂谷宽度约12 km,深度约4 km,导电带显示裂谷通过断裂与深部发生热流体联系;(5)再次确定了,柴达木盆地莫霍界面深52 km,昆仑山的莫霍界面深65~70 km,莫霍界面台阶位于格尔木附近(185 km距离处);(6)松潘—甘孜地体复理石层厚度为10~14 km,其下面的6.2~6.3 km/s 均匀速度层(同时有高导电性显示)是本地块所特有,推测为残留洋壳的堆积,约15 km厚;浅层通过古近—新近系风火山推覆系增厚,另在中地壳部位挤入了15 km厚岩层;(7)否定了亚洲岩石圈地幔向柴达木地块地幔岩石圈之下俯冲的模式,提出印度大陆地幔岩石圈从高喜马拉雅下拆离成两层,并沿高原地壳底部向北伸展,直到中祁连山之下,成为高原南北对挤过程中岩石圈地幔长度调节的新方式? 相似文献
24.
Mélody Prémaillon Thomas J. B. Dewez Vincent Regard Nicholas J. Rosser Sébastien Carretier Lucie Guillen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(13):2690-2709
Sea cliff morphology and erosion rates are modulated by several factors, including rock control that reflects both lithology and rock structure. Erosion is anticipated to preferentially exploit ‘fractures’, broadly meant as any discontinuity in an otherwise continuous medium, where the rock mass is weakest. Unpicking the direct control of such fractures on the spatial and temporal pattern of erosion remains, however, challenging. To analyse how such fractures control erosion, we monitored the evolution of a 400 m-long stretch of highly structured sedimentary cliffs in Socoa, Basque Country, France. The rock is known as the Socoa flysch formation. This formation combines decimetre-thick turbidites composed of repeat triplets of medium to strong calcareous sandstone, laminated siltstones and argillaceous marls. The sequence plunges at 45° into the sea with a shore-parallel strike. The cliffs are cross-cut by two normal and reverse fault families, with 10–100 m alongshore spacing, with primary and secondary strata-bound fractures perpendicular to the bedding, which combined delimit the cliff rock mass into discrete blocks that are exploited by the erosion process. Erosion, and sometimes plucking, of such beds and blocks on the cliff face was monitored using ground-based structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry, over the course of 5.7 years between 2011 and 2017. To compare with longer time change, cliff-top retreat rate was assessed using SfM-orthorectified archive aerial photographs spanning 1954–2008. We show that the 13,250 m2 cliff face released 4500 blocks exceeding 1.45 × 10−3 m3, removing a total volume of 170 m3. This equates to an average cliff erosion rate of 3.4 mm/year, which is slightly slower than the 54-year-long local cliff-top retreat (10.8 ± 1.8 mm/year). The vertical distribution of erosion reflects the height of sea water inundation, where the maximum erosion intensity occurs ca. 2 m above high spring-tide water level. Alongshore, the distribution of rockfall scars is concentrated along bed edges bounding cross-cutting faults; the extent of block detachment is controlled by secondary tectonic joints, which may extend through several beds locally sharing similar mechanical strength; and rockfall depth is always a multiple of bed thickness. Over the longer term, we explain block detachment and resultant cliff collapse as a cycle. Erosion nucleates on readily exploitable fractures but elsewhere, the sea only meets defect-free medium-strong to strong rock slabs offering few morphological features for exploitation. Structurally delimited blocks are quarried, and with sufficient time, carve semi-elliptic scars reaching progressively deeper strata to be eroded. Lateral propagation of erosion is directed along mechanical weaknesses in the bedding, and large episodic collapses affect the overhanging slabs via sliding on the weak marl beds. Collapse geometry is confined to one or several triplets of turbidite beds, but never reaches deeper into the cliff than the eroded depth at the foot. We contend that this fracture-limited model of sea-cliff erosion, inferred from the Socoa site dynamics and its peculiar sets of fractures, applies more broadly to other fractured cliff contexts, albeit with site-specific geometries. The initiation of erosion, the propagation of incremental block release and the ultimate full failure of the cliff, have each been shown to be fundamentally directly controlled by structure, which remains a vital control in understanding how cliffed coasts have changed in the past and will change in the future. 相似文献
25.
26.
山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石软沉积物变形期次解析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
前人对软沉积物变形期次研究多数集中于触发变形的地震事件的周期,而对滑塌体内部软沉积物变形期次研究较少。山东灵山岛早白垩世复理石形成于残余盆地背景,且由于地震频发导致滑塌沉积广泛发育。滑塌沉积层中发育有丰富的软沉积物变形构造,如：同沉积滑塌褶皱、底模构造、剖面X形共轭逆断层、同沉积布丁构造、砂岩层断块及变形团块、微型地垒—地堑组合和叠瓦状倒转紧闭褶皱等。不同类型和不同部位的软沉积物变形构造显示出发育期次不同的特征。本文以灵山岛修船厂附近滑塌沉积层为例,分析软沉积物变形构造的变形机制,并将其发育期次大致分为滑塌前、滑塌中和滑塌后三个阶段。只有部分滑塌中的软沉积物变形构造具有滑塌指向意义,而滑塌前的变形构造不能用来判别滑塌体的搬运方向。 相似文献
27.
François Laval 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):217-233
RésuménL’analyse séquentielle et la sédimentologie de faciès sont appliquées aux grès numidiens. Ces méthodes fournissent des données nouvelles concernant l’origine de ces dépôts. Ceux-ci présentent des associations de faciès proximales et résultent de transports sur des distances relativement courtes. On n’observe pas de dépôts distaux. Plusieurs dépo-centres sableux. vraisemblablement des éventails radiaux, de vraient être répartis tout le long d’un bassin. Ces données rendent difficile de situer ce bassin au Sud des « noyaux » kabyles, ceux-ci fournissant à cette époque un matériel terrigène déposé en discordance ou alimentant les grès micacés » périphériques; la bordure « tellienne » ne semblant pas non plus avoir pu laisser transiter des sables (transports continentaux puis marins). Il est donc logique de placer le bassin au nord des « noyaux » kabyles. Cependant, la question de l’origine continentale du matériel quart/eux n’étant pas réglée (Afrique ou continent septentrional), celte position pose le problème paléogéographique de la disposition des terres ou des deltas ayant permis le drainage continental de ces sables jusqu’aux points d’entrée sous-marine. 相似文献
28.
Jürgen Schäfer 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):125-136
AbstractDetrital amphiboles from the Famennian, Saxothuringian greywackes of the “Erbendorf Paleozoic” in Bavaria were analysed with an electron microprobe. The results were compared with recalculated literature data of amphiboles from potential source rocks to obtain more detailed information about the provenance of the oldest preserved synorogenic sediments in the Saxothuringian belt.All of the detrital amphiboles show very similar, homogeneous chemical compositions. All of them are Ca-amphiboles (with (Ca+Na)B ≥: 1.34; NafB < 0.67; (Na+K)A < 0.50 and Ti < 0.50), mostly inagnesio-hornblende and tschermakitic hornblende. The comparison with amphiboles from rocks of potential provenance areas reveals that the Randamphibolit-Series of the Miinchberg Massif – or an equivalent, already eroded unit – can be regarded as source rock of the detrital amphiboles.The presented data are the first evidence, that the Randamphibolit of the Miinchberg Massif was exhumed as early as in the Famennian, shortly after its metamorphism. It can be concluded that before Famennian time the complete Saxothuringian oceanic crust and large parts of the Saxothuringian continental crust had been subducted at the active margin. This implies that the collision of the Saxothuringian plate with the Tepla-Barrandian microplate, leading to the accretion of the Saxothuringian plate, happened 15–20 Ma earlier than previous authors had supposed. Accordingly, the collisional stage must have been reached not later than in the middle Devonian (approx. 380 Ma). 相似文献
29.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(4):157-163
The Terena Formation is located in the central part of the Ossa-Morena Zone (OMZ) and outcrops in the core of a latter (D3) first order syncline. This Formation is a Lower Devonian flysch and shows an unusual “Z” shape, with a central sector trending nearly N-S, and the tips trending NW-SE. This central sector is crossed by the cleavage (NW-SE) showing an apparent dextral (clockwise) transection pattern, anomalous and opposite to the regional widespread sinistral (anti-clockwise) transpression. The same sector with cartographic dextral transection, shows at outcrop scale, mesoscopic folds with a sinistral transection. During the Lower Devonian a N-S trending basin was developed as an effect of an early tectonic deformation phase. This trough was filled with turbidites and its elongated geometry determined the shape of the main syncline. We propose that the dextral transection pattern, at cartographic scale, result from the superposition of the NW-SE upright S3 cleavage on this major regional structure controlled by a sedimentary trough. The mesoscopic folds, observed on the upper levels of the sedimentary sequence were not influenced by the topographic anisotropy of the basin, and therefore they developed a left transection, according to the regional deformation mechanisms. The “Z” shape of the syncline could be explained as a consequence of two major tectonic shear zones situated along the north and south boundaries of the OMZ, respectively the Tomar-Badajoz-Cordoba Shear Zone and the South Iberian Suture, lined by the Beja-Acebuches Ophiolitic Complex. Both shear zones have a sinistral transpressive character and were active during late Variscan tectonic events. 相似文献
30.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):73-82
Paleomagnetic declinations from the Inner Carpathian Paleogene Basin imply that the area rotated counterclockwise about 60°, during the Miocene[1]. The question may arise if the paleomagnetic declination could have been biased by the W-E directed turbidity currents prevailing in the basin causing an apparent counter-clockwise rotation of the paleomagnetic direction. The paleomagnetic results were obtained for fine grained strata, deposited in relatively calm water. Nevertheless, to confirm the paleomagnetic rotation, we needed evidence that flow activity on the magnetic grains was indeed insignificant in the beds yielding paleomagnetic results. Therefore, we carried out magnetic anisotropy measurements. Results of AMS (representing para and ferromagnetic minerals together) measurements, compared with paleomagnetic observations, demonstrate that well-clustered lineations at locality level and failure to define a paleomagnetic direction are coupled. Lineation, when observable, is flow parallel, suggesting that magnetic lineation in the Inner Carpathian flysch basins may be regarded as a good proxy for turbidity current direction. It is remarkable, however, that the well-defined paleomagnetic directions are observed for localities, where the magnetic fabric is not showing lineation on locality level. Moreover, the lineation direction of the ferromagnetic minerals alone (obtained by measuring the anisotropy of the remanence) is independent of that of the turbidity currents. Thus we can safely conclude that the Inner Carpathian flysch basin indeed was affected by 60° tectonic rotation, and the paleomagnetic vectors were not biased by paleocurrents. 相似文献